Table 1.
Effects of regenerating stand structure on bird communities across stand phases and within late stand initiation. Significant correlations in bold. Positive correlations are denoted by plus signs in dark shading and negative correlations by minus signs in light shading. Where the model is quadratic, an “I” value is present. For these models, the degrees of freedom are 2 and 25
| (a) All | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percent canopy cover – 18%–98% | Sapling median height – 0–5 m | ||||||||||
| I | β | F 1,26 | r 2 | p | β | F 1,26 | r 2 | p | |||
| Total bird abundance | − | −0.007 | 0.653 | 11.6 | .48 | 3E‐04 | − | −6.521 | 11.22 | .301 | .002 |
| Bird species richness | − | −0.085 | 6.37 | .20 | .018 | − | −2.111 | 8.90 | .255 | .006 | |
| Chao richness estimator | −0.042 | 0.40 | .01 | .532 | −2.358 | 2.89 | .100 | .101 | |||
| Shannon diversity | −0.003 | 3.85 | .13 | .060 | − | −0.062 | 4.60 | .150 | .041 | ||
| Shannon evenness | 0.000 | 0.90 | .03 | .350 | 0.004 | 1.85 | .066 | .185 | |||
| Shrub‐nesting bird abundance | − | −0.008 | 0.711 | 17.93 | .59 | 1E‐05 | − | −4.927 | 6.86 | .209 | .014 |
| Forest ground‐nesting bird abundance | + | 0.094 | 8.10 | .24 | .008 | 0.947 | 1.41 | .051 | .246 | ||
| Tree‐nesting bird abundance | −0.072 | 4.07 | .13 | .054 | −0.796 | 0.95 | .035 | .337 | |||
| Foliage‐gleaning bird abundance | − | −0.005 | 0.360 | 28.12 | .69 | 4E‐07 | − | −3.880 | 6.83 | .208 | .015 |
| Ground‐foraging bird abundance | 0.019 | 0.20 | .01 | .660 | −1.586 | 3.33 | .114 | .079 | |||
| Shrub cover – 0%–82% | Ground cover diversity – 0.80–1.75 | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | β | F 1,26 | r 2 | p | β | F 1,26 | r 2 | p | |||
| Total bird abundance | ± | −0.008 | 0.734 | 3.77 | .23 | .037 | + | 32.967 | 13.53 | .342 | .001 |
| Bird species richness | ± | −0.003 | 0.213 | 3.76 | .23 | .037 | + | 11.484 | 13.13 | .335 | .001 |
| Chao richness estimator | −0.007 | 0.019 | .00 | .892 | + | 14.643 | 5.39 | .172 | .028 | ||
| Shannon diversity | ± | ‐1E‐4 | 0.008 | 5.98 | .32 | .007 | + | 0.421 | 11.80 | .312 | .002 |
| Shannon evenness | − | ‐3E‐04 | 6.54 | .20 | .017 | 0.005 | 0.15 | .006 | .705 | ||
| Shrub‐nesting bird abundance | ± | −0.008 | 0.763 | 8.65 | .41 | .001 | + | 37.200 | 29.23 | .529 | 1E‐05 |
| Forest ground‐nesting bird abundance | −0.037 | 1.54 | .06 | .225 | − | −11.590 | 13.48 | .341 | .001 | ||
| Tree‐nesting bird abundance | −0.040 | 1.83 | .06 | .187 | 1.664 | 0.18 | .007 | .675 | |||
| Foliage‐gleaning bird abundance | 0.093 | 1.92 | .07 | .178 | + | 19.353 | 7.77 | .230 | .010 | ||
| Ground‐foraging bird abundance | 0.016 | 0.23 | .01 | .644 | 8.339 | 4.21 | .139 | .051 | |||
| (b) Late initiation | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Percent canopy cover – 18%–98% | Median height – 0–3.5 m | |||||||||
| β | F 1,26 | r 2 | p | β | F 1,26 | r 2 | p | |||
| Total bird abundance | −0.263 | 2.86 | .26 | .129 | − | −6.270 | 6.08 | .43 | .039 | |
| Bird species richness | −0.032 | 0.16 | .02 | .696 | −2.090 | 2.51 | .24 | .151 | ||
| Chao richness estimator | 0.033 | 0.04 | .01 | .848 | −3.067 | 1.09 | .12 | .326 | ||
| Shannon diversity | ‐8E‐04 | 0.06 | .01 | .812 | −0.052 | 0.85 | .10 | .383 | ||
| Shannon evenness | 1E‐04 | 0.19 | .02 | .676 | 0.007 | 1.74 | .18 | .224 | ||
| Shrub‐nesting bird abundance | − | −0.247 | 13.53 | .63 | .006 | −1.854 | 0.91 | .10 | .367 | |
| Forest ground‐nesting bird abundance | 0.028 | 0.62 | .07 | .453 | −0.618 | 0.87 | .09 | .377 | ||
| Tree‐nesting bird abundance | − | −0.174 | 5.52 | .41 | .047 | −1.000 | 0.32 | .04 | .585 | |
| Cavity‐nesting bird abundance | 0.134 | 2.00 | .20 | .194 | −2.663 | 2.38 | .23 | .162 | ||
| Foliage‐gleaning bird abundance | −0.259 | 4.62 | .37 | .064 | −1.236 | 0.19 | .02 | .669 | ||
| Ground‐foraging bird abundance | 0.093 | 0.91 | .10 | .367 | −3.079 | 3.78 | .32 | .088 | ||
| Shrub cover – 17%–82% | Ground cover diversity – 0.80–1.75 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | F 1,26 | r 2 | p | β | F 1,26 | r 2 | p | |||
| Total bird abundance | 0.019 | 0.01 | .00 | .894 | 14.178 | 0.26 | .03 | .621 | ||
| Bird species richness | −0.085 | 2.56 | .24 | .148 | 16.083 | 2.07 | .20 | .188 | ||
| Chao richness estimator | −0.105 | 0.75 | .08 | .410 | 38.336 | 3.00 | .27 | .121 | ||
| Shannon diversity | − | 0.005 | 8.05 | .50 | .022 | 0.649 | 2.28 | .22 | .170 | |
| Shannon evenness | − | ‐5E‐04 | 15.85 | .66 | .004 | 0.018 | 0.14 | .02 | .713 | |
| Shrub‐nesting bird abundance | 0.105 | 2.05 | .20 | .190 | −1.657 | 0.01 | .00 | .925 | ||
| Forest ground‐nesting bird abundance | −0.005 | 0.03 | .04 | .868 | −6.808 | 1.68 | .17 | .231 | ||
| Tree‐nesting bird abundance | −0.033 | 0.22 | .03 | .655 | 1.664 | 0.01 | .00 | .915 | ||
| Cavity‐nesting bird abundance | −0.048 | 0.39 | .05 | .549 | 19.727 | 1.78 | .18 | .219 | ||
| Foliage‐gleaning bird abundance | 0.101 | 0.88 | .10 | .380 | −21.440 | 0.93 | .10 | .362 | ||
| Ground‐foraging bird abundance | −0.023 | 0.09 | .01 | .776 | + | 30.181 | 6.46 | .45 | .035 | |