Table 2.

Effects of legacy stand structure across stand phases and within early stem exclusion. Significant correlations in bold. Positive or rising quadratic correlations are denoted by plus signs and negative correlations by minus signs. Where the model is quadratic, an “I” value is present. For these models, the degrees of freedom are 2 and 25

Stand phase—All	# trees of dbh >45 cm 0–58 per hectare					Legacy tree basal area 0.6–16.5 m2 per hectare					Legacy stem density 8–225 per hectare					Tree species richness 1–13					Canopy structure diversity 0–1.28
		β	F 1,26	r 2	p		β	F 1,26	r 2	p		β	F 1,26	r 2	p		β	F 1,26	r 2	p		β	F 1,26	r 2	p
Total bird abundance		−0.63	0.21	.01	.65		−0.50	0.86	.03	.36		−0.48	2.77	.10	.11	−	−1.43	5.94	.19	.02		4.37	0.68	.03	.42
Bird species richness		−0.31	0.40	.02	.53		−0.04	0.04	.00	.85		0.04	0.14	.01	.71		−0.05	0.06	.00	.82	+	4.32	6.55	.20	.02
Chao richness		−0.52	0.36	.01	.55		0.04	0.01	.00	.91		0.18	0.97	.04	.33		−0.05	0.01	.00	.91		6.21	3.91	.13	.06
Shannon diversity		−0.01	0.43	.02	.52		0.00	0.04	.00	.84		0.00	0.31	.01	.58		0.00	0.16	.01	.70	+	0.17	6.82	.21	.01
Shannon evenness		0.00	0.19	.01	.67		0.00	0.10	.00	.75		0.00	0.23	.01	.63	+	0.00	4.40	.14	.05		0.01	0.62	.02	.44
Shrub‐nesting bird abundance		−0.09	0.36	.01	.56		−0.79	2.87	.10	.10	−	−0.08	6.99	.21	.01	‐	−1.66	11.43	.31	.00		−36.05	2.94	.19	.07
Forest ground‐nesting bird abundance	+	0.16	8.93	.26	.01	+	0.51	9.88	.28	.00		0.02	2.49	.09	.13		0.16	0.50	.02	.49		1.35	0.52	.02	.48
Tree‐nesting bird abundance		−0.50	1.07	.04	.31		−0.15	0.61	.02	.44		−0.05	0.23	.01	.63		0.04	0.02	.00	.88		0.99	0.27	.01	.61
Foliage‐gleaning bird abundance		−0.60	0.37	.01	.55		−0.65	3.05	.11	.09	−	−0.60	10.59	.29	.00	−	−1.36	12.54	.33	.00		−3.83	1.03	.04	.32
Ground‐foraging bird abundance		0.19	0.11	.00	.74		0.17	0.62	.02	.44		0.10	0.72	.03	.40		−0.01	0.00	.00	.97	+	−1.42	6.08	.33	.01

Stand phase—early Stem exclusion	# trees of dbh >45 cm 0–58 per hectare					Legacy tree basal area 0.6–16.5 m2 per hectare						Legacy stem density 8–225 per hectare					Tree species richness 1–13				Canopy structure diversity 0–1.28
		β	F 1,9	r 2	p		β	F 1,9	r 2	p		β	F 1,9	r 2	p		β	F 1,9	r 2	p		β	F 1,9	r 2	p
Total bird abundance		2.70	3.09	.26	.11	+	1.45	6.35	.41	.03		0.48	1.67	.16	.23		−0.22	0.08	.01	.79		10.35	1.98	.18	.19
Bird species richness		0.69	0.86	.09	.38		0.52	3.36	.27	.10	+	0.36	7.84	.47	.02		0.24	0.52	.05	.49		3.91	1.39	.13	.27
Chao richness estimator		1.37	0.74	.08	.41		0.73	1.22	.12	.30		0.49	2.09	.19	.18		−0.20	0.07	.01	.79		5.50	0.56	.06	.47
Shannon diversity		0.02	0.42	.04	.53		0.02	2.05	.19	.19	+	0.01	6.21	.41	.03		0.02	1.78	.17	.21		0.17	1.71	.16	.22
Shannon evenness		0.00	0.72	.07	.42		0.00	0.60	.06	.46		0.00	0.00	.00	.98		0.00	3.70	.29	.09		0.01	0.27	.03	.62
Shrub‐nesting bird abundance		0.17	2.33	.21	.16		0.34	0.75	.08	.41		0.00	0.00	.00	.95		−0.58	2.34	.21	.16		1.09	0.06	.01	.81
Forest ground‐nesting bird abundance	+	0.26	8.81	.49	.02		0.61	2.93	.25	.12		−0.01	0.17	.02	.69		−0.56	2.15	.19	.18		2.21	0.26	.03	.63
Tree‐nesting bird abundance		−0.70	1.08	.11	.33		0.15	0.27	.03	.62		0.25	3.44	.28	.10	+	0.62	6.99	.44	.03		4.71	2.76	.23	.13
Cavity‐nesting bird abundance		0.19	0.09	.01	.77		0.35	2.10	.19	.18		0.26	4.91	.35	.05		0.17	0.37	.04	.56		1.88	0.44	.05	.52
Foliage‐gleaning bird abundance		0.95	1.54	.15	.25	+	0.68	6.34	.41	.03		0.25	2.29	.20	.16		0.60	4.12	.31	.07		−0.16	0.00	.00	.97
Ground‐foraging bird abundance	+	1.83	5.57	.38	.04		0.55	2.16	.19	.18		0.01	0.00	.00	.98		0.63	2.90	.24	.12		5.14	1.51	.14	.25