Table 1:
Summary of Interventions
| Characteristics | Studies | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Study author, year | Anderson, 2005 | Anderson-Loftin, 2002 | Carter, 2011 |
| Participants (completed) | 239 | 23 (16) | 74 (47) |
| Sample population | Urban African American | Rural African American | Inner city African American |
| Intervention Duration | 6 weeks | 5 months | 9 months |
| Intervention Setting | Community based location | Rural SC | Online |
| Study design | RCT pretest/posttest | Longitudinal quasi-experimental | RCT |
| Type of control | Wait list (standard care) | None | Standard care |
| Major findings | No difference between control and intervention except diabetes understanding; positive pre/post changes in HbA1c | Intervention was effective in improving HbA1c, costs and dietary habits | Effective telehealth intervention; increase in self-care, mental and physical well being |
| Limitations | Volunteer bias; effects of providing study data to patients | Small sample size; no control | Access to internet; cost; small sample; ability to read |
| Study author, year | Davis, 2010 | Hawkins, 2010 | Mayer-Davis, 2004 |
| Participants (completed) | 165 | 77 (66) | 187 (152) |
| Sample population | Low-income, overweight, predominantly African American | Rural, predominantly African American, 60+ | Overweight, predominantly African American, 45+ |
| Intervention Duration | 1 year | 6 months | 12 months |
| Intervention Setting | Telehealth, community health center | Videophone | Rural health care center |
| Study design | RCT | RCT | RCT |
| Type of control | Standard care – 20-min education session | No reminder calls; good health handouts; 5-min monthly calls | Standard care, one individualized session |
| Major findings | Effective multicomponent telehealth strategy to rural and underserved populations | Access to individualized diabetes education; all improved HbA1c | Weight loss was significant for intensive group; no difference for reimbursable level; weight loss not predictive of HbA1c |
| Limitations | Only federally qualified health care setting | Sample size limited; technology needs to fit audience | No self-care measure |
| Characteristics | Studies | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study author, year | Rimmer, 2002 | Tang, 2010 | Walker, 2010 | Weinstock, 2011 |
| Participants (completed) | 30 | 77 (12 drop-outs) | 195 | 1665 |
| Sample population | Inner-city, predominantly African Americans | African American, 40+ | African American, 40+ | Underserved, ethnically diverse |
| Intervention Duration | 12 weeks | 6 months | 6 months | 5 years |
| Intervention Setting | Local hospital and clinic | In person and mailings | In person and telephone | Telemedicine |
| Intervention description | ||||
| Study design | Quasi-experimental | Control-intervention time series (subjects as own control) | Quasi-experimental | RCT |
| Type of control | None | Attention-control, weekly newsletters | Standard care | Standard care |
| Major findings | Intensive and highly structured intervention was successful in underserved population | Control served as low intensity intervention; flexible model is promising | Increase in knowledge maintained for 6-mo; stages of change increased for exercise though no change in behavior | Persistent benefit of telemedicine may reduce disparities |
| Limitations | Barriers to participation | No real control | Group differences; small comparison group | HbA1c not similar at baseline |
RCT = randomized controlled trial