Table 3:
Intervention details
| Study author, year | Theoretical Basis | Intervention description | Data collection | Follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anderson, 2005 | Empowerment | Six weekly 2-hr group sessions conducted by nurse and dietician focused on self-management. Focus based on patient-identified problems, questions used to initiate discussion. | Baseline, after six-week sessions, after six-week control, 6-mo, 12-mo | Option of monthly support group or monthly phone call from nurse after six week study. |
| Anderson-Loftin, 2002 | Model of Nursing Case Management | Nurse case manager provided basic diabetes information and counseled on practices. Four 1-hr dietary classes every 2-wks. Four 30-min group discussions after class included social event, cooking demos, storytelling, role modeling. | Baseline, 5 months postintervention | Weekly phone calls and single home visit. Five 1-hr monthly group discussions postintervention. |
| Carter, 2011 | Coordinated service delivery | Access to online self-management tools/modules, patient records, health education and social networking. Bi-weekly 30-min videoconference with nurse to develop action plans | Baseline, 9-mo | None |
| Davis, 2010 | Health Beliefs Model; Transtheoretical | Twelve-month education through 3 independent and 10 group sessions. Three group sessions in person, others videoconference with nurse and dietician. Participants completed self-monitoring logs and had access to education curriculum. | Baseline, 6-mo, 12-mo | 24-mo on 2/3 or randomized sample |
| Hawkins, 2010 | Motivational interviewing | 15-min weekly videophone call with nurse for 3-mo, then 15-min monthly calls for 3-mo. Patient-selected topic from packets read before session, discussion focused on experiences, emotion, problem-solving and clinical questions. | Baseline, 6-mo | None |
| Mayer-Davis, 2004 | Empowerment | Participants given goal of 10% weight loss and randomized into intensive intervention, reimbursable level intervention or usual care. Intensive: 4-mo of weekly counseling sessions using curriculum composed of behavioral strategies, then biweekly for 2 months, then monthly for 6 months. 3 group sessions and 1 individual session pattern. Reimbursable: 4 1-hr sessions over 12 months; 3 group, 1 individual. | Baseline, 3-mo, 6-mo, 9-mo | None |
| Rimmer, 2002 | Health promotion | 12-weeks of 3-days/wk, 3-hrs/day including structured exercise, nutrition instruction, and health education. Presentation and group discussions used to facilitate development of support relationships and incorporate approaches into daily lives. | Baseline, 12-wk | None |
| Tang, 2010 | Empowerment | 24-months of weekly sessions facilitated by diabetes educator and clinical psychologist directed by patient questions, concerns and priorities focusing on experience, emotion, problem-solving, and goal setting. | Baseline, 6-mo | 24-months |
| Walker, 2010 | Health Promotion; Transtheoretical | Three 2-hr interactive group sessions focused on diabetes knowledge, exercise and diet, medications and treatment. | Baseline, 3-mo, 6-mo | Phone calls weekly for 1 mo., bi-monthly for 2 mo., every other month for 2 mo. |
| Weinstock, 2011 | None stated | Videoconference with diabetes educator every 4–6 weeks for self-care education and goal setting. Access to educational web pages. Home measurement of blood pressure and blood glucose. | Baseline, 6-mo, 12-mo | Yearly for 5 years |