Table 3.
Characteristics of athletes diagnosed with a cardiovascular disease at risk of sudden death
| Diagnosis | Age | Gender | Sport | History | ECG | Stress test | Other investigations* | Eligibility |
| ARVC | 18 | F | Swimming | NEG | Anterior NTW, 1 PVB | VA | Echocardiography, 24 hours ECG recording, cardiac MR | NO |
| BAV +AD | 23 | M | Rugby | NEG | NEG | VA | Echocardiography | YES with follow-up |
| BrS | 18 | M | Rugby | Family history of SD (uncle) | Type 1 Br ECG | NEG | 24 hours ECG recording, Electrophysiology study | YES after EP study |
| CCA | 14 | F | Swimming | NEG | NEG | VA | Echocardiography, cardiac CT | NO |
| CCA | 16 | M | Rugby | Chest pain | NEG | NEG | Echocardiography, cardiac CT | NO |
| HCM | 16 | M | Soccer | NEG | Infero-lateral NTW | VA | Echocardiography, 24 hours ECG recording | NO |
| HCM | 25 | M | Running | NEG | Q-waves | NEG | Echocardiography, 24 hours ECG recording, cardiac MR | NO |
| HCM | 30 | M | Sport dance | Family history of HCM (sister | NEG | NEG | Echocardiography, 24 hours ECG recording | NO |
| LQTS | 14 | M | Soccer | NEG | NEG | Abnormal QTc during recovery | 24 hours ECG recording, genetic testing | NO |
| LVNC | 18 | F | Swimming | NEG | Infero-lateral NTW | NEG | Echocardiography, 24 hours ECG recording, cardiac MR | NO |
| NILVS | 12 | M | Rugby | NEG | NEG | Complex VA | Echocardiography, 24 hours ECG recording, cardiac MR | NO |
| NILVS | 13 | F | Rugby | Palpitations | NEG | Complex VA | Echocardiography, 24 hours ECG recording, cardiac MR | NO |
| NILVS | 15 | F | Volleyball | NEG | 1 PVB | Complex VA | Echocardiography, 24 hours ECG recording, cardiac MR | NO |
| NILVS | 17 | M | Rugby | NEG | Low QRS voltages | PVBs | Echocardiography, 24 hours ECG recording, cardiac MR | NO |
| NILVS | 20 | M | Volleyball | NEG | NEG | PVBs | Echocardiography, 24 hours ECG recording, cardiac MR | NO |
| NILVS | 47 | M | Cycling | Syncope during effort | NEG | Complex VA | Echocardiography, 24 hours ECG recording, cardiac MR | NO |
| Obstructive CAD | 40 | M | Athletics | NEG | NEG | ST-segment depression | Stress echocardiography, coronary angiography | NO |
| VPE at-risk | 15 | F | Volleyball | NEG | VPE | Persistence of VPE | Electrophysiology study (effective refractoriness at baseline=210 ms) | YES after ablation |
BAV+AD=bicuspid aortic valve complicated by ascending aorta dilation; BrS=Brugada syndrome; CAD=coronary artery disease; CCA=congenital coronary anomalies; CT=CT tomography; LQTS=Long QT syndrome; HCM=hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; MR=magnetic resonance; NEG=negative; NILVS=non-ischaemic left ventricular scar associated with ventricular arrhythmias; NTW=negative T-waves; PVB=premature ventricular beat; VA=ventricular arrhythmias; VPE=ventricular pre-excitation.
*including only investigations needed to reach a definite diagnosis.