Table 1.

Potentially neuroprotective molecules upon astrocytic behavior modification.

Molecule	Proposed mechanism of action	Tested PD models
Capsaicin	Activation of TRPV1 in astrocytes	MPTP (mouse), 6-OHDA (rat)
GDNF (vector transfection)	GDNF overexpression in astrocytes	MPTP (mouse), 6-OHDA (rat)
Silibinin	Suppression of astrocyte activation (via ERK/JNK phosphorylation)	MPTP (mouse)

GDNF: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor; MPTP: 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; TRPV1: transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel; ERK/JNK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase.