Table 3.
Risk factors for involuntary care, restricted to high-quality studies
| Number of studies (k) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | Heterogeneity (I2) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||
| Male vs female | 16 | 1·32 (1·16–1·51) | 96·90% |
| Diagnosis | |||
| Psychosis | 10 | 2·19 (1·80–2·66) | 94·85% |
| Bipolar disorder | 3 | 1·06 (0·70–1·60) | 67·37% |
| Depression | 2 | 0·10 (0·06–0·17) | 0% |
| Mood disorder | 6 | 0·46 (0·36–0·60) | 97·12% |
| Anxiety | 2 | 0·56 (0·09–3·42) | 53·16% |
| Personality disorder | 5 | 0·60 (0·37–0·98) | 93·12% |
| Anorexia | 0 | NA | NA |
| Substance misuse | 4 | 0·66 (0·52–0·84) | 9·20% |
| Organic disorder | 4 | 1·92 (0·72–5·08) | 97·76% |
| Neurosis | 2 | 0·55 (0·45–0·67) | 0% |
| Employment | |||
| Unemployed | 7 | 1·46 (1·04–2·05) | 32·80% |
| Student | 1 | NA | NA |
| Homeworker | 2 | 1·36 (0·27–6·83) | 75·83% |
| Welfare benefits | 1 | NA | NA |
| Retired | 3 | 1·19 (0·50–2·81) | 49·65% |
| Dependent | 1 | NA | NA |
| Housing | |||
| Homeless | 3 | 0·58 (0·22–1·57) | 85·07% |
| Living alone | 5 | 0·68 (0·39–1·20) | 67·82% |
| Friend or relative | 1 | NA | NA |
| Living in an institution | 2 | 0·72 (0·06–9·42) | 88·63% |
| Non-owner vs owner | 1 | NA | NA |
| Relationship | |||
| Single | 9 | 1·18 (0·85–1·64) | 91·72% |
| Separated or divorced | 4 | 0·53 (0·23–1·25) | 89·62% |
| Widowed | 3 | 1·27 (0·37–4·46) | 90·20% |
| Previously married | 3 | 1·12 (1·06–1·20) | 0% |
| Previous involuntary hospitalisation | |||
| Yes vs no | 2 | 1·58 (1·32–1·90) | 82·68% |
| Previous admission | |||
| Yes vs no | 5 | 0·75 (0·55–1·02) | 94·71% |
NA=not available.