Table 1.
Baseline of the recruited subjects.
| Items | All | Group by sex | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male/female (52/50) | Male (52) | Female (50) | p value | |
| Age (yrs.) | 59.4 ± 11.8 | 58.6 ± 11.7 | 60.3 ± 11.9 | 0.47 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 3.8 | 24.2 ± 3.12 | 25.2 ± 4.4 | 0.20 |
| Waistline (cm) | 87.7 ± 8.5 | 87.0 ± 7.2 | 88.4 ± 9.8 | 0.46 |
| Hipline (cm) | 93.8 ± 8.3 | 93.5 ± 7.8 | 94.1 ± 8.9 | 0.76 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio (%) | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.49 |
| TDD1 (U/kg) | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.001∗∗ |
| Bolus (U/kg) | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.1 | 0.01∗ |
| Basal (U/kg) | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 0.001∗∗ |
| TDD2 (U/kg) | 0.6 ± 0.3 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.001∗∗ |
| BI (U/kg) | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.01∗ |
| LI (U/kg) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.15 ± 0.07 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.01∗ |
| DI (U/kg) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.001∗∗ |
| Duration (yrs.) | 6.6 ± 6.2 | 6.2 ± 6.3 | 6.9 ± 6.2 | 0.57 |
| HbA1c (%) | 10.0 ± 2.2 | 10.2 ± 2.3 | 9.8 ± 2.1 | 0.41 |
| C-peptide 0 (pmol/L) | 1.5 ± 1.1 | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 0.75 |
| C-peptide 120 (pmol/L) | 3.2 ± 2.5 | 2.9 ± 2.3 | 3.6 ± 2.6 | 0.16 |
∗ p < 0.05, male vs. female; ∗∗p < 0.01, male vs. female. BMI: body mass index; TDD: total daily dose; BI: breakfast insulin dose; LI: lunch insulin dose; DI: dinner insulin dose; C-peptide 0: C-peptide level after glucose loading at 0 min; C-peptide 120: C-peptide level after glucose loading at 120 min.