Table 2A.

Observed mean values and estimated differences and 95% confidence intervals for balance primary and secondary outcome measures

		RAS-supported	Regular	Control	RAS-supported vs Regular	RAS-supported vs Control	Regular vs Control
		1	2	3	1-2	1-3	2-3
Mini BESTest	Baseline	14.8 (12.9; 16.6)	17.3 (14.9; 19.7)	15.1 (12.4; 17.7)
	Post Intervention	21.9 (21.0; 22.7)	18.3 (17.3; 19.2)	15.2 (14.2; 16.3)	3.5 (2.2; 4.8), P < 0.001	6.6 (5.2; 8.0), P < 0.001	3.0 (2.7;5.3), P < 0.001
	1 month Follow-up	21.1 (20.2; 22.0)	17.0 (16.1; 18.0)	15.0 (13.9; 16.0)	4.0 (2.7; 5.3), P < 0.001	6.0 (4.7; 7.4) P < 0.001	2.0 (0.6; 3.4), P = 0.005
	6 month Follow-up	19.6 (18.7; 20.4)	15.8 (14.8; 16.7)	14.7 (13.2; 15.7)	3.7 (2.4; 5.1), P < 0.001	4.8 (3.4; 6.2) P < 0.001	1.0 (–0.3;2.4), P = 0.136
Berg Balance Scale	Baseline	38.9 (35.6; 42.3)	40.9 (37.0; 44.9)	37.5 (33.0; 41.9)
	Post Intervention	47.0 (44.7; 48.4)	41.7 (40.3; 43.2)	38.3 (36.7; 39.92)	5.2 (3.2; 7.3), P < 0.001	8.6 (6.; 10.8), P < 0.001	3.4 (1.2; 5.6), P = 0.002
	1 month Follow-up	45.6 (44.2; 46.9)	40.3 (38.8; 41.8)	37.8 (36.1; 39.4)	5.2 (3.2; 7.3), P < 0.001	7.8 (5.6; 9.4), P < 0.001	2.5 (0.3; 4.7), P = 0.024
	6 month Follow-up	43.1 (41.7; 44.5)	38.9 (37.5; 40.4)	37.1 (35.5; 38.7)	4.1 (2.1; 6.2), P < 0.001	6.0 (3.8; 8.1), P < 0.001	1.8 (–0.3; 4.0), P = 0.098
Retropulsion Test	Baseline	2.3 (1.9; 2.7)	2.1 (1.7; 2.4)	2.4 (2.3; 2.8)
	Post Intervention	1.0 (0.9; 1.2)	1.3 (1.0; 1.5)	2.2 (2.0; 2.4)	–0.2 (–0.5; 0.0), P = 0.164	–1.1 (–1.4; –0.8), P < 0.001	–0.9 (–1.3; –0.6), P < 0.001
	1 month Follow-up	1.2 (1.0; 1.4)	1.8 (1.6; 2.1)	2.3 (2.1; 2.6)	–0.6 (–0.9; –0.3), P < 0.001	–1.1 (–1.4; –0.8), P < 0.001	–0.5 (–0.8; –0.1), P = 0.002
	6 month Follow-up	1.7 (1.5; 1.9)	2.1 (1.9; 2.3)	2.4 (2.1; 2.6)	–0.3 (–0.6; –0.0), P = 0.011	–0.6 (–0.9; –0.3), P < 0.001	–0.3 (–0.6; 0.0), P = 0.070
Push and Release Test	Baseline	2.4 (2.0; 2.7)	2.1 (1.8; 2.5)	2.4 (2.0; 2.8)
	Post Intervention	1.1 (0.9; 1.2)	1.4 (1.2; 1.5)	2.3 (2.1; 2.5)	–0.3 (–0.5; –0.4), P = 0.020	–1.2 (–1.4; –0.9), P < 0.001	–0.9 (–1.1; –0,6), P < 0.001
	1 month Follow-up	1.4 (1.2; 1.5)	2.0 (1.8; 2.1)	2.4 (2.2; 2.6)	–0.6 (–0.8; –0.3), P < 0.001	–1.0 (–1.2; –0.7), P < 0.001	–0.4 (–0.7; –0.1), P = 0.001
	6 month Follow-up	1.9 (1.7; 2.0)	2.1 (2.0; 2.4)	2.5 (2.3; 2.7)	–0.3 (–0.6; –0.1), P = 0.003	–0.6 (–0.9; –0.3), P < 0.001	–0.2 (–0.5; 0.0), P = 0.049
Falls Efficacy Scale - International	Baseline	31.5 (26.8; 36.2)	34.3 (30.0; 38.4)	36.2 (31.0; 41.4)
	Post Intervention	27.8 (22.0; 29.3)	31.4 (29.9; 32.9)	36.2 (31.9; 35.3)	–3.6 (–5.7; –1.5), P = 0.001	–5.7 (–8.0; –3.5), P < 0.001	–2.1 (–4.4; –0.1), P = 0.062
	1 month Follow-up	27.8 (22.1; 29.3)	32.9 (31.4; 34.4)	36.5 (32.4; 35.6)	–5.0 (–7.1; –2.9), P < 0.001	–6.0 (–8.3; –3.8), P < 0.001	–0.9 (–3.2; 1.3), P = 0.394
	6 month Follow-up	30.0 (23.9; 31.7)	33.6 (32.1; 35.2)	38.7 (33.8; 37.2)	–3.6 (–5.7; –1.5), P < 0.001	–5.5 (–7.7; –3.2), P < 0.001	–1.8 (–4.1; –0.4), P = 0.113

Group: Multimodal balance training supported by rhythmical auditory stimuli (RAS-supported), Multimodal balance training without rhythmical auditory stimuli (Regular), Control Intervention group (Control). Confidence Intervals (CI) – Adjusted Mean Difference (95% CI) Between Baseline and 35-week). Primary analysis: Adjusted for baseline MBEST score; Secondary analyses: also adjusted for baseline LEDD, baseline UPDRS 2 and 3. Mini BESTest – 14 items, total 28 of points, scored 0–2 (higher score better balance). Berg Balance Scale - 14 items total 56 of points, scored 0–4 points (higher score better balance). Retropulsion test and Push-and-release test scored between 1–4 points, lower score means better balance. Falls Efficacy Scale International – 16 items, total 64 of points scored), higher scores greater fear of fallen.