Table 1.
Baseline clinical characteristics of the study cohort
| Parkinson’s Disease | Controls | ||||
| N = 154 | N = 99 | ||||
| Missing | Missing | p | |||
| Age (Years, Median [IQR]) | 67.02 [60.28,81.50] | – | 67.98 [63.34,82.15] | – | |
| Gender (% Women) | 35.06% | – | 45.45% | – | |
| Body Mass Index (Median [IQR]) | 26.50 [23.80,35.60] | 1.30% | 27.70 [24.70,34.50] | 2.02% | |
| Smoking (% Never smoked) | 55.19% | – | 50.51% | – | |
| Age when leaving education (Years, Median [IQR]) | 16.00 [15.00,25.00] | – | 17.00 [15.00,23.00] | – | |
| Number of units of alcohol consumed per week (Median [IQR]) | 3.50 [0.00,24.00] | – | 6.00 [1.00,60.00] | – | p = 0.019a |
| Ischemic heart disease (%) | 11.04% | – | 9.09% | – | |
| Type II diabetes (%) | 7.79% | – | 5.05% | – | |
| Hypertension (%) | 31.17% | – | 35.35% | – | |
| Hypercholesterolaemia (%) | 11.69% | – | 20.20% | – | |
| Stroke/Transient Ischaemic Attack (%) | 7.14% | – | 0.00% | – | p = 0.007b |
| Anti-inflammatory medication (%) | 33.33% | 12.34% | 33.33% | 6.06% | |
| Comorbidity (CIRS System Score, Median [IQR]) | 2.00 [1.00,5.00] | 12.34% | 3.00 [2.00,6.00] | 6.06% | |
| Mild Cognitive Impairment (%) | 43.26% | 8.44% | 22.22% | – | p < 0.001b |
| Mini-Mental State Examination Score (Median [IQR]) | 29.00 [28.00,30.00] | – | 29.00 [28.00,30.00] | – | p = 0.006a |
| Montreal Cognitive Assessment (Median [IQR]) | 26.00 [23.00,30.00] | 9.74% | 27.00 [26.00,30.00] | 2.02% | p < 0.001a |
| Geriatric Depression Scale (Median [IQR]) | 2.00 [1.00,8.00] | – | 1.00 [0.00,4.00] | – | p < 0.001a |
| National Adult Reading Test (Median [IQR]) | 117.00 [108.50,127.00] | 1.30% | 118.00 [111.00,126.00] | – | |
| Survival at 36months Follow-up (%) | 94.81% | – | 97.98% | – | |
| Disease Duration at Enrolment (Years, Median [IQR]) | 0.39 [0.21,1.32] | – | – | – | |
| MDS-UPDRS-III (Median [IQR]) | 26.00 [17.00,47.00] | – | – | – | |
| Hoehn and Yahr Score (HY) (Median [IQR]) | 2.00 [2.00,3.00] | – | – | – | |
| Parkinson’s disease medication (%) | 87.66% | – | – | – | |
| On Levodopa treatment (%) | 29.22% | – | – | – | |
| Levodopa equivalent daily dose (mg/l) (Median [IQR]) | 140.00 [100.00,450.00] | – | – | – | |
| Monoamine oxidase B inhibitors medication (%) | 47.40% | – | – | – | |
| Dopamine agonist medication (%) | 37.01% | – | – | – | |
aIndependent-Samples Mann-Whitney U Test; bPearson Chi-square test.