Table 1. Cyber threat analysis relevant to next generation sequencing in public health.

Attack vector	Methods	Target NGS stage	Required access
Physical	Malicious biological material	Sample preparation	Physical
Hardware	Hardware implant	Sequencing	Interdiction/manufacturing
Firmware/operating system	Firmware replacement	Sequencing Bioinformatics	Physical Interdiction/manufacturing Compromised PC
Software	Targeted infection Supply chain	Bioinformatics	Compromised PC Local Network Remote
Local network	Targeted infection Supply chain Data breach	Bioinformatics	Compromised PC Remote
Cloud infrastructure	Data breach	Bioinformatics	Remote

NGS: next generation sequencing; PC: personal computer.