Table 2.
Clinical characteristics by etiology of bronchiectasis
| Total (N = 15,729) | Idiopathic (n = 5036) | Tuberculosis (n = 1950) | Other infection (n = 3766) | Immuno-deficiencies (n = 206) | COPD (n = 2287) | Asthma (n = 1664) | CTD (n = 367) | GERD (n = 399) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at diagnosis (mean) | 64.0 ± 14.8 | 60.0 ± 15.5 | 64.5 ± 14.9 | 65.5 ± 14.9 | 64.7 ± 13.2 | 67.6 ± 12.6 | 60.2 ± 14.7 | 64.7 ± 13.4 | 60.6 ± 14.0 | < 0.001 |
| Age at diagnosis | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| < 40 yr | 1041(6.6) | 459(9.1) | 127(6.5) | 204(5.4) | 10(4.9) | 55(2.4) | 148(8.9) | 17(4.6) | 16(4.0) | |
| 40–65 yr | 6908(43.9) | 2498(49.6) | 743(38.1) | 1440(38.2) | 124(60.2) | 839(36.7) | 823(49.5) | 184(50.1) | 239(59.9) | |
| > 65 yr | 7780(49.5) | 2079(41.3) | 1080(55.4) | 2122(56.3) | 72(35.0) | 1393(60.9) | 693(41.6) | 166(45.2) | 144(36.1) | |
| Gender, female | 8631(54.9) | 3005(59.7) | 933(47.8) | 1961(52.1) | 152(73.8) | 924(40.4) | 1106(66.5) | 282(76.8) | 244(61.2) | < 0.001 |
| HRCT Bronchiectasis site | ||||||||||
| < 2 lobes | 2317(56.2) | 685(59.8) | 311(52.9) | 628(55.1) | 24(39.3) | 305(56.3) | 239(56.8) | 50(57.5) | 71(55.4) | < 0.001 |
| 2 lobes | 1026(24.9) | 259(22.6) | 156(26.5) | 296(25.9) | 24(39.3) | 128(23.7) | 103(24.4) | 22(25.3) | 34(26.6) | < 0.001 |
| > 2 lobes | 777(18.9) | 201(17.6) | 121(20.6) | 217(19.0) | 13(21.4) | 108(20.0) | 79(18.8) | 15(17.2) | 23(18.0) | < 0.001 |
| Pulmonary function | ||||||||||
| Restriction | 2301(28.5) | 658(32.0) | 275(30.4) | 718(36.2) | 47(39.5) | 0(0%) | 481(44.3) | 63(28.5) | 51(25.2) | < 0.001 |
| Normal or Obstruction | ||||||||||
| FEV1 > 80 | 3286(40.7) | 1055(51.3) | 308(34.0) | 667(33.6) | 57(47.9) | 572(39.2) | 381(35.1) | 99(44.8) | 136(67.3) | < 0.001 |
| FEV1 50–80 | 1539(19.1) | 259(12.6) | 193(21.3) | 353(17.8) | 10(8.4) | 496(34.0) | 158(14.5) | 48(21.7) | 11(5.4) | < 0.001 |
| FEV1 < 50 | 938(11.6) | 84(4.1) | 130(14.3) | 246(12.4) | 5(4.2) | 390(26.8) | 67(6.2) | 11(5.0) | 4(2.0) | < 0.001 |
| Microbiology at diagnosis | ||||||||||
| Negative | 6289(75.1) | 1763(78.9) | 1001(71.2) | 1766(71.9) | 88(84.6) | 816(77.1) | 539(75.8) | 134(74.4) | 159(81.5) | < 0.001 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 441(5.3) | 96(4.3) | 54(3.8) | 166(6.8) | 4(3.8) | 63(6.0) | 42(5.9) | 7(3.9) | 8(4.1) | 0.002 |
| NTM | 304(3.6) | 89(4.0) | 101(7.2) | 47(1.9) | 3(2.9) | 23(2.2) | 28(3.9) | 5(2.8) | 8(4.1) | < 0.001 |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 282(3.4) | 61(2.7) | 27(1.9) | 107(4.4) | 3(2.9) | 35(3.3) | 34(4.8) | 9(5.0) | 6(3.1) | 0.001 |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae | 259(3.1) | 68(3.0) | 27(1.9) | 100(4.1) | 0(0.0) | 34(3.2) | 21(3.0) | 3(1.7) | 4(2.1) | 0.007 |
| Haemophilus parainfluenzae | 113(1.3) | 34(1.5) | 12(0.9) | 35(1.4) | 1(1.0) | 8(0.8) | 16(2.3) | 5(2.8) | 2(1.0) | 0.089 |
| Fungus | 102(1.2) | 26(1.2) | 22(1.6) | 32(1.3) | 0(0.0) | 11(1.0) | 6(0.8) | 3(1.7) | 2(1.0) | 0.787 |
| Tuberculosis | 86(1.0) | 3(0.1) | 80(5.7) | 3(0.1) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | < 0.001 |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 73(0.9) | 13(0.6) | 11(0.8) | 34(1.4) | 1(1.0) | 7(0.7) | 3(0.4) | 3(1.7) | 1(0.5) | 0.086 |
| Chronic infectiona | 195(10.7) | 25(12.8) | 48(24.6) | 68(34.9) | 2(1.0) | 27(13.9) | 16(8.2) | 4(2.1) | 5(2.6) | < 0.001 |
| First diagnosis | < 0.001 | |||||||||
| Clinic | 11,498(73.1) | 4079(81.0) | 1180(60.5) | 2367(62.9) | 157(76.2) | 1644(71.9) | 1407(84.6) | 284(77.4) | 346(86.7) | |
| Hospitalization | 4231(26.9) | 957(19.0) | 770(39.5) | 1399(37.2) | 49(23.8) | 643(28.1) | 257(15.5) | 83(22.6) | 53(13.3) | |
| BACI score | 4.75 ± 5.24 | 2.62 ± 4.37 | 5.8 ± 5.86 | 5.78 ± 5.65 | 5.74 ± 5.48 | 6.88 ± 4.9 | 4.64 ± 4.12 | 6.29 ± 5.03 | 2.91 ± 4.27 | <.0001 |
| Comorbidity | ||||||||||
| Ischemic heart disease | 677(4.3) | 168(3.3) | 93(4.8) | 187(5.0) | 6(2.9) | 127(5.6) | 62(3.7) | 13(3.5) | 18(4.5) | < 0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 638(4.1) | 167(3.3) | 92(4.7) | 213(5.7) | 3(1.5) | 98(4.3) | 35(2.1) | 12(3.3) | 13(3.3) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 1066(6.8) | 258(5.1) | 142(7.3) | 350(9.3) | 9(4.4) | 182(8.0) | 88(5.3) | 16(4.4) | 17(4.3) | < 0.001 |
| Liver disease | 630(4.0) | 185(3.7) | 96(4.9) | 145(3.9) | 16(7.8) | 105(4.6) | 54(3.2) | 17(4.6) | 9(2.3) | 0.003 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 434(2.8) | 93(1.8) | 76(3.9) | 123(3.3) | 5(2.4) | 77(3.4) | 40(2.4) | 12(3.3) | 6(1.5) | < 0.001 |
| Solid tumor | 1115(7.1) | 313(6.2) | 183(9.4) | 356(9.5) | 8(3.9) | 147(6.4) | 67(4.0) | 18(4.9) | 15(3.8) | < 0.001 |
| Hematological malignancy | 660(4.2) | 201(4.0) | 86(4.4) | 207(5.5) | 9(4.4) | 85(3.7) | 46(2.8) | 14(3.8) | 8(2.0) | < 0.001 |
| Follow up period, years | 3.8 ± 4.2 | 2.3 ± 3.6 | 4.4 ± 4.2 | 4.2 ± 4.2 | 4.4 ± 4.4 | 4.4 ± 4.4 | 4.4 ± 4.4 | 5.3 ± 4.5 | 4.6 ± 4.1 | < 0.001 |
Note: Data are presented as number (percentage). CTD Connective tissue disease, GERD Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test is used for multiple comparison
aChronic infection: isolation of the same pathogen in two or more cultures, at least 3 months apart in a 12-month span