Table 3.
Distribution of Ankle Function, HRQoL, and Physical Activity for Participants With and Without Chronic Ankle Instabilitya
| n | Mean ± SD | 95% CI | P Valueb | Range | IQR | Median | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ankle function | |||||||
| FAAM-ADL | |||||||
| All athletes | <.001c,d,e | ||||||
| None | 802 | 98.5 ± 4.4 | 98.2-98.8 | 51.8-100.0 | 99.4-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Unilateral | 163 | 91.8 ± 11.5 | 90.0-93.5 | 29.8-100.0 | 88.1-100.0 | 96.4 | |
| Bilateral | 37 | 85.5 ± 15.9 | 80.2-90.8 | 42.9-100.0 | 81.5-97.6 | 91.1 | |
| Male | <.001c,d | ||||||
| None | 416 | 98.5 ± 4.3 | 98.1-98.9 | 57.1-100.0 | 99.4-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Unilateral | 65 | 89.0 ± 14.7 | 85.3-92.6 | 29.8-100.0 | 81.5-100.0 | 93.5 | |
| Bilateral | 16 | 86.8 ± 14.4 | 79.1-94.5 | 54.8-100.0 | 81.7-97.2 | 91.4 | |
| Female | <.001c,d,e | ||||||
| None | 386 | 98.5 ± 4.6 | 98.1-99.0 | 51.8-100.0 | 99.4-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Unilateral | 98 | 93.6 ± 8.4 | 91.9-95.3 | 64.9-100.0 | 91.8-99.9 | 97.0 | |
| Bilateral | 21 | 84.5 ± 17.2 | 76.7-92.3 | 42.9-99.4 | 81.5-97.6 | 89.3 | |
| FAAM-Sport | |||||||
| All athletes | <.001c,d,e | ||||||
| None | 802 | 97.7 ± 6.0 | 97.2-98.1 | 31.2-100.0 | 98.4-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Unilateral | 163 | 87.0 ± 14.8 | 84.7-89.2 | 15.6-100.0 | 78.1-98.4 | 93.8 | |
| Bilateral | 37 | 77.5 ± 21.4 | 70.4-84.6 | 20.3-100.0 | 75.0-89.1 | 84.4 | |
| Male | <.001c,d | ||||||
| None | 416 | 97.8 ± 5.6 | 97.2-98.3 | 54.7-100.0 | 98.4-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Unilateral | 65 | 83.5 ± 17.7 | 79.1-87.8 | 15.6-100.0 | 75.0-98.4 | 89.1 | |
| Bilateral | 16 | 80.4 ± 19.4 | 70.0-90.7 | 39.1-100.0 | 80.9-92.6 | 85.9 | |
| Female | <.001c,d,e | ||||||
| None | 386 | 97.6 ± 6.5 | 96.9-98.2 | 31.2-100.0 | 98.4-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Unilateral | 98 | 89.3 ± 12.1 | 86.8-91.7 | 45.3-100.0 | 82.4-98.4 | 95.3 | |
| Bilateral | 21 | 75.3 ± 23.0 | 64.8-85.8 | 20.3-96.9 | 75.0-89.1 | 82.8 | |
| HRQoL | |||||||
| Total PedsQL | |||||||
| All athletes | <.001c,d,e | ||||||
| None | 802 | 93.5 ± 9.1 | 92.8-94.1 | 44.6-100.0 | 90.2-100.0 | 97.5 | |
| Unilateral | 163 | 89.8 ± 9.8 | 88.3-91.4 | 41.9-100.0 | 85.3-97.5 | 91.9 | |
| Bilateral | 37 | 86.4 ± 10.3 | 83.0-89.9 | 64.5-100.0 | 79.5-94.2 | 89.7 | |
| Male | <.001c,d | ||||||
| None | 416 | 94.0 ± 8.4 | 93.2-94.8 | 57.8-100.0 | 92.1-100.0 | 97.8 | |
| Unilateral | 65 | 89.7 ± 9.6 | 87.3-92.1 | 56.9-100.0 | 84.7-96.1 | 91.3 | |
| Bilateral | 16 | 89.1 ± 10.9 | 83.3-94.9 | 64.5-100.0 | 85.0-96.2 | 93.5 | |
| Female | <.001c,d,e | ||||||
| None | 386 | 92.9 ± 9.8 | 91.9-93.9 | 44.6-100.0 | 89.1-100.0 | 96.7 | |
| Unilateral | 98 | 89.9 ± 10.1 | 87.9-92.0 | 41.9-100.0 | 85.6-97.9 | 92.4 | |
| Bilateral | 21 | 84.4 ± 9.5 | 80.1-88.7 | 64.7-98.9 | 77.2-90.5 | 85.9 | |
| PedsQL emotional | |||||||
| All athletes | .001c,d | ||||||
| None | 802 | 92.7 ± 13.8 | 91.7-93.6 | 20.0-100.0 | 90.0-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Unilateral | 163 | 89.1 ± 16.4 | 86.6-91.7 | 20.0-100.0 | 82.5-100.0 | 95.0 | |
| Bilateral | 37 | 86.5 ± 14.1 | 81.8-91.2 | 50.0-100.0 | 80.0-100.0 | 90.0 | |
| Male | .005c | ||||||
| None | 416 | 94.1 ± 11.6 | 93.0-95.2 | 30.0-100.0 | 95.0-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Unilateral | 65 | 90.2 ± 13.5 | 86.9-93.6 | 40.0-100.0 | 85.0-100.0 | 95.0 | |
| Bilateral | 16 | 91.9 ± 11.8 | 85.6-98.2 | 60.0-100.0 | 85.0-100.0 | 97.5 | |
| Female | <.001d,e | ||||||
| None | 386 | 91.2 ± 15.7 | 89.6-92.8 | 20.0-100.0 | 90.0-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Unilateral | 98 | 88.4 ± 18.2 | 84.8-92.1 | 20.0-100.0 | 81.2-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Bilateral | 21 | 82.4 ± 14.6 | 75.7-89.0 | 50.0-100.0 | 75.0-95.0 | 80.0 | |
| HRQoL (continued) | |||||||
| PedsQL social | |||||||
| All athletes | .824 | ||||||
| None | 802 | 95.2 ± 9.6 | 94.5-95.9 | 25.0-100.0 | 95.0-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Unilateral | 163 | 95.8 ± 8.5 | 94.5-97.1 | 55.0-100.0 | 95.0-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Bilateral | 37 | 95.9 ± 7.2 | 93.5-98.4 | 75.0-100.0 | 95.0-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Male | .906 | ||||||
| None | 416 | 95.0 ± 10.0 | 94.1-96.0 | 25.0-100.0 | 95.0-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Unilateral | 65 | 95.0 ± 9.4 | 92.7-97.3 | 55.0-100.0 | 95.0-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Bilateral | 16 | 95.6 ± 6.3 | 92.3-99.0 | 85.0-100.0 | 90.0-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Female | .643 | ||||||
| None | 386 | 95.4 ± 9.1 | 94.5-96.3 | 40.0-100.0 | 95.0-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Unilateral | 98 | 96.3 ± 7.9 | 94.7-97.9 | 60.0-100.0 | 96.2-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Bilateral | 21 | 96.2 ± 8.0 | 92.5-99.9 | 75.0-100.0 | 100.0-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| PedsQL school | |||||||
| All athletes | <.001c,d | ||||||
| None | 802 | 89.8 ± 14.8 | 88.7-90.8 | 20.0-100.0 | 85.0-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Unilateral | 163 | 85.8 ± 17.3 | 83.1-88.5 | 15.0-100.0 | 80.0-100.0 | 90.0 | |
| Bilateral | 37 | 84.5 ± 15.4 | 79.3-89.6 | 50.0-100.0 | 75.0-100.0 | 85.0 | |
| Male | .096 | ||||||
| None | 416 | 89.7 ± 14.4 | 88.3-91.1 | 30.0-100.0 | 80.0-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Unilateral | 65 | 87.0 ± 15.0 | 83.3-90.7 | 40.0-100.0 | 80.0-100.0 | 90.0 | |
| Bilateral | 16 | 85.0 ± 15.2 | 76.9-93.1 | 50.0-100.0 | 78.8-100.0 | 85.0 | |
| Female | .004c | ||||||
| None | 386 | 89.9 ± 15.2 | 88.3-91.4 | 20.0-100.0 | 85.0-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Unilateral | 98 | 85.0 ± 18.7 | 81.2-88.8 | 15.0-100.0 | 76.2-100.0 | 90.0 | |
| Bilateral | 21 | 84.0 ± 16.0 | 76.8-91.3 | 50.0-100.0 | 75.0-100.0 | 85.0 | |
| PedsQL physical | |||||||
| All athletes | <.001c,d,e | ||||||
| None | 802 | 95.5 ± 8.7 | 94.9-96.1 | 28.1-100.0 | 93.8-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Unilateral | 163 | 88.9 ± 12.1 | 87.0-90.8 | 46.9-100.0 | 84.4-100.0 | 93.8 | |
| Bilateral | 37 | 81.3 ± 18.6 | 75.1-87.5 | 28.1-100.0 | 68.8-93.8 | 90.6 | |
| Male | <.001c,d | ||||||
| None | 416 | 96.2 ± 7.9 | 95.4-97.0 | 50.0-100.0 | 96.9-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Unilateral | 65 | 87.2 ± 12.9 | 84.0-90.4 | 53.1-100.0 | 81.2-100.0 | 87.5 | |
| Bilateral | 16 | 84.6 ± 19.0 | 74.4-94.7 | 28.1-100.0 | 86.7-96.9 | 90.6 | |
| Female | <.001c,d,e | ||||||
| None | 386 | 94.7 ± 9.4 | 93.8-95.6 | 28.1-100.0 | 93.8-100.0 | 100.0 | |
| Unilateral | 98 | 90.0 ± 11.5 | 87.7-92.3 | 46.9-100.0 | 87.5-100.0 | 93.8 | |
| Bilateral | 21 | 78.9 ± 18.4 | 70.5-87.2 | 50.0-96.9 | 59.4-93.8 | 90.6 | |
| PedsQL psychosocial | |||||||
| All athletes | <.001c,d | ||||||
| None | 802 | 92.5 ± 10.6 | 91.8-93.3 | 38.3-100.0 | 88.3-100.0 | 96.7 | |
| Unilateral | 163 | 90.2 ± 11.2 | 88.5-92.0 | 35.0-100.0 | 85.0-100.0 | 93.3 | |
| Bilateral | 37 | 89.0 ± 9.7 | 85.7-92.2 | 63.3-100.0 | 83.3-98.3 | 91.7 | |
| Male | .202 | ||||||
| None | 416 | 92.9 ± 9.9 | 92.0-93.9 | 48.3-100.0 | 90.0-100.0 | 96.7 | |
| Unilateral | 65 | 90.7 ± 10.3 | 88.2-93.3 | 46.7-100.0 | 86.7-100.0 | 93.3 | |
| Bilateral | 16 | 90.8 ± 9.0 | 86.0-95.6 | 71.7-100.0 | 85.8-98.3 | 93.3 | |
| Female | .003c,d | ||||||
| None | 386 | 92.1 ± 11.3 | 91.0-93.3 | 38.3-100.0 | 88.3-100.0 | 96.7 | |
| Unilateral | 98 | 89.9 ± 11.9 | 87.5-92.3 | 35.0-100.0 | 85.0-100.0 | 93.3 | |
| Bilateral | 21 | 87.5 ± 10.2 | 82.9-92.2 | 63.3-100.0 | 83.3-93.3 | 90.0 | |
| Physical activity | |||||||
| HSS Pedi-FABS | |||||||
| All athletes | .664 | ||||||
| None | 802 | 23.3 ± 5.1 | 23.0-23.7 | 4.0-30.0 | 20.0-28.0 | 25.0 | |
| Unilateral | 163 | 22.8 ± 6.2 | 21.8-23.7 | 2.0-30.0 | 20.0-28.0 | 25.0 | |
| Bilateral | 37 | 22.5 ± 6.0 | 20.5-24.5 | 6.0-30.0 | 22.0-26.0 | 25.0 | |
| Male | .344 | ||||||
| None | 416 | 23.8 ± 5.3 | 23.2-24.3 | 6.0-30.0 | 21.0-28.0 | 25.0 | |
| Unilateral | 65 | 24.2 ± 6.0 | 22.7-25.7 | 2.0-30.0 | 22.0-28.0 | 26.0 | |
| Bilateral | 16 | 23.3 ± 4.9 | 20.7-25.9 | 10.0-30.0 | 22.8-26.0 | 24.5 | |
| Female | .55 | ||||||
| None | 386 | 22.9 ± 4.9 | 22.4-23.4 | 4.0-30.0 | 19.0-27.0 | 24.0 | |
| Unilateral | 98 | 21.8 ± 6.1 | 20.6-23.1 | 5.0-29.0 | 18.2-27.0 | 23.0 | |
| Bilateral | 21 | 21.9 ± 6.7 | 18.9-25.0 | 6.0-30.0 | 17.0-27.0 | 25.0 | |
aADL, Activities of Daily Living; FAAM, Foot and Ankle Ability Measure; HRQoL, health-related quality of life; HSS Pedi-FABS, Hospital for Special Surgery Pediatric Functional Activity Brief Scale; IQR, interquartile range; PedsQL, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory 4.0.
bP values are from the Kruskal-Wallis test.
Significant post hoc Wilcoxon rank-sum test results after the Holm adjustment: cnone versus unilateral, dnone versus bilateral, and eunilateral versus bilateral.