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. 2019 Apr 10;30(1):85–99. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhz072

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© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Conflict-induced behavioral adjustments were dependent on the relevant dimension. A–D show performance of humans and monkeys in a 2-rule version of the WCST in which the conflict between dimensions were modified trial by trial by running congruent and incongruent trials. (A) Mean-normalized response time of humans in congruent and incongruent conditions. Response time was longer in incongruent conditions, indicating that conflict between dimensions adversely affected humans’ performance. (B) The conflict cost (difference in response time between incongruent and congruent conditions) was significantly larger in humans when shape was the relevant dimension. (C) Response time was longer in incongruent conditions, indicating that conflict between dimensions adversely affected monkeys’ performance. (D) The conflict cost was significantly larger in monkeys when color was the relevant dimension.