Figure 3.

Summary of main findings of animal generalization studies. Drug treatment, traits and environmental conditions influence cognitive bias in rodents. During chronic subcutaneous injection of fluoxetine and after acute injection of amphetamine and ketamine rodents are more positive when confronted with ambiguous cues. Acute intraperitoneal reboxetine injection, make rodents more negativity-biased. Animals that are non-stressed, “positivity-biased” and living in housing enrichment make more positive choices, while negativity-biased, stressed and helpless rodents make fewer positive choices. In addition, an alternative reward replaces the positive bias toward alcohol in rodents.