Table 1. Summary of the study’s results.
| Type | Display | Results |
|---|---|---|
| Descriptive statistics
of SCIMAGOJR measures |
Table 2 | The DOC, CITA, CIT, SELF, CPD, HINDEX data are not normally distributed. |
| Principal component analysis
of SCIMAGOJR measures |
Table 3 & Figure 1 | There are 2 components extracted with a total variance explained 92.073%, namely:
• Component 1: “ Research Performance” (a synthesis of DOC, CITA, CIT, SELF, HINDEX) • Component 2: “ Research Impact” (based on CPD alone) The correlation between Components is weak (< 0.2). It might be that CPD is more difficult to manipulate or be an object of the author’s engineering. |
| Comparison between regions
(Kruskal-Wallis H Test result) |
Table 4 | Mean comparisons result in terms of Research Performance:
• Eastern Europe > Latin America • Eastern Europe > Pacific Region • Eastern Europe > Africa • Middle East > Latin America • Middle East > Pacific Region • Middle East > Africa • Asiatic Region > Pacific Region Mean comparisons result in terms of Research Impact: • Latin America > Middle East • Latin America > Asiatic Region • Latin America > Eastern Europe |
| Descriptive statistics of
national culture, research performance, and research impact |
Table 5 | The data is not normally distributed; therefore, correlation analysis was done with
Spearman's correlation. |
| Plots of national cultures,
research performance, and Log GDP per capita |
Figure 2
( missing scores do not bring up the line) |
Based on
low vs. high research performance criteria (< -0.30
σ vs. > 0.30
σ), it is
found that, among 33 countries (7 low vs. 26 high), (1) United States, (2) China, (3) United Kingdom, (4) Germany, and (5) Japan are countries with the highest research performance. Descriptively, in each of these countries, the national cultural orientations that play roles the most and the least are, respectively: (1) Individualism, long term orientation; (2) Long term orientation, individualism; (3) Individualism, uncertainty avoidance; (4) Long term orientation, power distance; (5) Masculinity, indulgence. For countries with the lowest research performance, there is no data available on their national cultural orientation. |
| Plots of national cultures,
research impact, and Log GDP per capita |
Figure 3
( missing scores do not bring up the line) |
Based on
low vs. high research impact criteria (< -1.50
σ vs. > 1.50
σ), it is found
that, among 25 countries (4 low vs. 21 high), (1) Anguilla, (2) Bermuda, (3) Gambia, (4) Federated States of Micronesia, and (5) Belize are the countries with the highest research impact. Unfortunately, data are not yet available about the orientation of their cultural values. The complete data (six cultural orientations) available are from (1) Belgium, and (2) United Kingdom. Descriptively, in each of these countries, the cultural orientations that play roles the most and the least are, respectively: (1) Uncertainty avoidance, power distance; (2) Individualism, uncertainty avoidance (as well as power distance). For countries with the lowest research impact, there is no data available on national cultural orientation. |
| Spearman’s correlation | Table 6 | The results, with
q (adjusted
p) < 0.00714, are:
• PDI is negatively correlated with Research Impact • IDV is positively correlated with Research Performance and Research Impact • IVR is positively correlated with Research Impact • LGDP is positively correlated with Research Performance |
| Partial correlation (controlling
LGDP) |
Table 7 | The directions of correlation between variables are the same as the results of
Spearman's correlation above, but there is an additional new result: • UAI is negatively correlated with Research Impact |
DOC = Total documents (1996–18 August 2019); CITA = Total citable documents; CIT = Total citations; SELF = Total self-citations; CPD = Citations per document; HINDEX = H-index; PDI = Power distance; IDV = Individualism (vs. Collectivism); IVR = Indulgence (vs. Restraint); LGDP = Natural logarithm of averaged (1993–2018) GDP per capita. The operational definition of DOC, CITA, CIT, SELF, CPD, and HINDEX could be found at https://www.scimagojr.com/help.php