Table 1.

Patient characteristics and demographics.

	Non-SPDL n=143	SPDL n=15
Median age (IQR)	74 (69, 80)	70 (67, 85)
Female gender	74 (51.8%)	14 (93.3%)
Non-white race	17 (11.9%)	1 (6.7%)
Total # of home medications	9 (6, 14)	10 (6, 17)
Dementia	60 (42.0%)	10 (66.7%)
Median (IQR) OARS ADL	25 (17, 27)	21 (10, 23)
History of moderate to severe liver disease	6 (4.2%)	3 (20.0%)
History of moderate to severe kidney disease	22 (15.4%)	3 (20.0%)
History of depression or psychosis	19 (13.3%)	2 (13.3%)
Median (IQR) Charlson	3 (2, 5)	3 (2, 5)
Median (IQR) APS with age	9 (7, 11)	9 (8, 11)
Acute kidney injury at enrollment	31 (21.7%)	5 (33.3%)
CNS diagnosis	23 (16.1%)	0 (0.0%)
Level of arousal at enrollment
RASS = −1	34 (23.8%)	6 (40.0%)
RASS = −2 or −3	11 (7.7%)	2 (13.3%)
Median (IQR) ED delirium duration days	0 (0, 2)	3 (0, 6)

Abbreviations: SPDL, supratherapeutic psychotropic drug levels; IQR, Interquartile range; OARS ADL, Older American Resources Activities of Daily Living scale; APS, Acute Physiology Score; CNS, central nervous system; RASS, Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale; ED, emergency department. SPDLs were defined as serum opioid, benzodiazepine, antidepressant, antipsychotic or amphetamine concentrations above the therapeutic reference range. Serum drug concentrations were measured using a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay that measured 78 medications simultaneously.