Table 1. Demographics, cardiovascular risk factors and MRI parameters of the study participants.
| All | Control | Prediabetes | Diabetes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 366 | N = 230 (62.8%) | N = 87 (23.8%) | N = 49 (13.4%) | |
| Age, years | 56.2 ± 9.1 | 54.4 ± 8.9 | 58.1 ± 8.6 | 61.4 ± 8.3 |
| Male, % | 208 (56.8%) | 117 (50.9%) | 55 (63.2%) | 36 (73.5%) |
| Weight, kg | 82.9 ± 16.8 | 78.2 ± 15.5 | 91.5 ± 14.9 | 89.5 ± 17.9 |
| Height, cm | 171.5 ± 9.8 | 171.2 ± 10.3 | 172.3 ± 9.2 | 171.3 ± 7.9 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.1 ± 5.0 | 26.6 ± 4.3 | 30.9 ± 5.0 | 30.4 ± 5.2 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 98.5 ± 14.6 | 93.5 ± 12.8 | 106.6 ± 13.0 | 107.8 ± 14.5 |
| Waist-To-Hip-Ratio | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure, mmHg | 120.8 ± 16.9 | 116.6 ± 15.2 | 125.8 ± 15.1 | 131.9 ± 20.4 |
| Diastolic Blood pressure, mmHg | 75.3 ± 10.1 | 73.6 ± 9.2 | 78.4 ± 9.4 | 78.1 ± 13.1 |
| Hypertension | 124 (33.9%) | 48 (20.9%) | 41 (47.1%) | 35 (71.4%) |
| Antihypertensive medication | 91 (24.9%) | 38 (16.5%) | 29 (33.3%) | 24 (49.0%) |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never-smoker | 134 (36.6%) | 90 (39.1%) | 27 (31.0%) | 17 (34.7%) |
| Ex-smoker | 160 (43.7%) | 91 (39.6%) | 45 (51.7%) | 24 (49.0%) |
| Smoker | 72 (19.7%) | 49 (21.3%) | 15 (17.2%) | 8 (16.3%) |
| Total Cholesterol, mg/dl | 218.2 ± 37.1 | 216.1 ± 36.2 | 225.5 ± 32.0 | 214.9 ± 47.3 |
| HDL Cholesterol, mg/dl | 61.8 ± 18.0 | 65.4 ± 18.1 | 57.6 ± 14.5 | 51.9 ± 18.4 |
| LDL Cholesterol, mg/dl | 140.3 ± 33.4 | 138.5 ± 32.2 | 147.6 ± 30.1 | 136.1 ± 42.1 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 131.5 ± 86.6 | 106.9 ± 64.3 | 153.6 ± 83.4 | 207.9 ± 123.2 |
| GFR (CKD-EPI) | 92.9 ± 13.0 | 94.9 ± 12.5 | 89.3 ± 12.2 | 89.6 ± 14.8 |
| Urine Albumin, mg/l | 25.3 ± 130.4 | 10.2 ± 15.8 | 13.5 ± 19.1 | 119.2 ± 345.1 |
| Urine Creatinine, g/L | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.8 |
| UACR, mg/g | 15.4 ± 75.4 | 7.0 ± 10.1 | 8.3 ± 11.3 | 68.3 ± 199.6 |
| Visceral Fat, l | 4.5 ± 2.7 | 3.5 ± 2.3 | 5.8 ± 2.3 | 6.8 ± 2.4 |
| Hepatic fat (PDFF), % | 8.6 ± 7.7 | 5.6 ± 5.1 | 12.3 ± 7.8 | 16.1 ± 9.3 |
| Renal Volume, ml | 291.3 ± 68.7 | 280.3 ± 64.7 | 303.7 ± 67.4 | 320.6 ± 77.7 |
| Sinus Volume, ml | 40.0 ± 18.0 | 34.6 ± 16.0 | 47.6 ± 16.2 | 52.0 ± 19.4 |
| Sinus Fat, ml | 26.2 ± 13.6 | 22.2 ± 12.4 | 32.0 ± 12.0 | 34.5 ± 14.1 |
HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; GFR, glomerular filtration rate, PDFF, proton density fat fraction; UACR, urin albumin to creatinine ratio