Table 1. Direct and indirect estimates of selection on colour pattern loci.

Combined estimates are integrating the effect of all loci involved in warning colouration. Regions/modules associated with optix: D, B; with cortex: Cr, Yb, N; with WntA: Sd, Ac; with aristaless: K.

Species	Colour pattern region under consideration	Estimated selection coefficient (s)	Method	Source
H. erato	optix (red band)	sD = 0.22	Pattern manipulation, survival and bird attack rate	Benson [54] (s estimate calculated in Mallet and colleagues [65])
H. erato	optix/cortex/WntA	combined s = 0.52 avg. per locus s = 0.17	Reciprocal transplants, survival	Mallet and Barton [55]
H. erato	optix/cortex/WntA	sD = 0.33 sCr = 0.15 sSd = 0.15	Reciprocal transplants, survival	Mallet and colleagues[65]
H. erato H. melpomene	optix/cortex/WntA optix/cortex	avg. per locus s = 0.23 avg. per locus s = 0.25	Cline and LD analysis in a hybrid zone	Mallet and colleagues[61]
H. erato	cortex	sCr = 0.20–0.22	Cline analysis in a hybrid zone	Blum [66]
H. cydno (polymorphic mimic) H. sapho (model) H. eleuchia (model)	aristaless	s = 0.64	Reciprocal transplant of polymorphic H. cydno	Kapan [56]
H. erato	optix/cortex/WntA	avg. per locus s = 0.22 sD = 0.38 sCr = 0.17 sSd = 0.15	Cline and LD analysis in a hybrid zone	Rosser and colleagues[62]
H. melpomene	optix/cortex	avg. per locus s = 0.3 sD = sYb = sN = 0.31 sB = 0.19/0.15
H. erato	optix/WntA	sD = 0.15 sSd = 0.04	Cline analysis in a hybrid zone	Salazar [63]
H. melpomene	optix/WntA	sD = 0.27 sAc = 0.04
H. erato	cortex	sCr = 0.05	Cline analysis in a hybrid zone	Thurman and colleagues [64]

Abbreviations: LD, linkage disequilibrium