Table 2.
Intensity of male care and sex investment in the proximity and affiliation maintenance for pair-bonded mammals based on data from field studies. Male care: N, no care; M, moderate care; I, intense care (following classification criteria in [17]).
| species | male care | which sex contributes more to proximity and affiliation maintenance | measures of contributions used | references |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Madoqua kirkii
(Kirk's dik-dik) |
N | males | approach/leave data | [16] |
|
Hylobates lar
(white-handed gibbon) |
N | males | grooming reciprocity, approach/leave data | [67] |
| Indri indri | N | males | grooming reciprocity | [68] |
|
Pithecia pithecia
(white-faced saki monkey) |
N | females | grooming reciprocity, approach/leave data | [29,69] |
|
Symphalangus syndactylus
(siamang) |
M | both sexes | grooming reciprocity, approach/leave data | [67] |
|
Petropseudes dahli
(rock-haunting possum) |
I | both sexes | approach data | [70] |
|
Otocyon megalotis
(bat-eared fox) |
I | both sexes | approach data | [71,72] |
|
Aotus nancymaae
(owl monkey) |
I | both sexesa | grooming reciprocity, approach/leave data | [73,74] |
|
Plecturocebus cupreus
(red titi monkey) |
I | females | grooming reciprocity, approach/leave data | this study |
aData available only for captive animals.