Table 3.
Models describing the relationship between neighborhood-level characteristics, individual-level characteristics, and both neighborhood- and individual level characteristics and social cohesion, and social control among participants in the Boston Neighborhood Study (n = 1710).
| Social Cohesion |
Social Control |
|||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neighborhood Characteristics |
Demographics |
Fully Adjusted |
Neighborhood Characteristics |
Demographics |
Fully Adjusted |
|||||||
| OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | |
| Neighborhood Characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Economic Deprivation (ref: Low) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Moderate | 0.82 | (0.62,1.09) | 1.04 | (0.81,1.35) | 0.59 | (0.43,0.81) | 0.64 | (0.47,0.88) | ||||
| High | 0.65 | (0.42,0.99) | 0.87 | (0.60,1.25) | 0.57 | (0.36,0.90) | 0.63 | (0.39,1.04) | ||||
| Danger (ref: Low) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Moderate | 1.13 | (0.89,1.44) | 1.09 | (0.84,1.42) | 1.15 | (0.88,1.51) | 1.11 | (0.82,1.49) | ||||
| High | 1.29 | (1.00,1.67) | 1.20 | (0.97,1.49) | 0.99 | (0.73,1.34) | 0.95 | (0.70,1.29) | ||||
| Disorder (ref: Low) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Moderate | 1.30 | (0.97,1.74) | 1.49 | (1.12,2.00) | 1.00 | (0.68,1.45) | 1.05 | (0.72,1.53) | ||||
| High | 1.12 | (0.86,1.46 | 1.27 | (0.98,1.67) | 0.61 | (0.40,0.95) | 0.66 | (0.43,1.01) | ||||
| Residential Instability | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Moderate | 0.85 | (0.60,1.22) | 0.80 | (0.58,1.12) | 0.83 | (0.60,1.17) | 0.85 | (0.63,1.17) | ||||
| High | 0.58 | (0.43,0.79) | 0.63 | (0.46,0.86) | 0.72 | (0.55,0.94) | 0.80 | (0.64,0.99) | ||||
| Proportion Black (ref: Low) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Moderate | 0.88 | (0.72,1.08) | 0.98 | (0.79,1.22) | 1.25 | (1.00,1.55) | 1.34 | (1.10,1.63) | ||||
| High | 0.69 | (0.50,0.96) | 0.86 | (0.60,1.24) | 1.09 | (0.83,1.42) | 1.17 | (0.84,1.62) | ||||
| Trust in Police (ref: Low) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Moderate | 1.21 | (0.83,1.89) | 1.20 | (0.76,1.89) | 1.45 | (0.97,2.16) | 1.50 | (0.96,2.36) | ||||
| High | 1.25 | (0.83,1.89) | 1.12 | (0.73,1.75) | 1.92 | (1.27,2.91) | 1.86 | (1.16,3.00) | ||||
| Individual Characteristics | ||||||||||||
| Sex (ref: male) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Female | 1.02 | (0.84,1.24) | 1.04 | (0.85,1.26) | 1.13 | (0.90,1.42) | 1.13 | (0.89,1.43) | ||||
| Age, years (18–29) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| 30-39 | 1.34 | (0.93,1.92) | 1.35 | (0.93,1.96) | 1.83 | (1.31,2.56) | 1.82 | (1.30,2.56) | ||||
| 40-49 | 2.20 | (1.46,3.32) | 2.25 | (1.50,3.40) | 2.76 | (1.92,3.96) | 2.78 | (1.96,3.96) | ||||
| 50-64 | 2.32 | (1.82,2.96) | 2.38 | (1.84,3.08) | 3.25 | (2.37,4.46) | 3.32 | (2.39,4.60) | ||||
| over 64 | 3.11 | (2.15,4.52) | 3.20 | (2.20,4.66) | 4.09 | (2.56,6.54) | 4.15 | (2.58,6.67) | ||||
| Household Income (ref: under $20,000) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| $20,000 to 40,000 | 0.89 | (0.64,1.25) | 0.87 | (0.62,1.24) | 0.98 | (0.71,1.35) | 0.97 | (0071,1.34) | ||||
| $40,000 to 80,000 | 1.22 | (0.86,1.75) | 1.18 | (0.82,1.70) | 1.23 | (0.92,1.65) | 1.21 | (0.90,1.62) | ||||
| $80,000 to 100,000 | 1.61 | (1.10,2.35) | 1.53 | (1.03,2.28) | 1.32 | (0.95,1.82) | 1.28 | (0.93,1.75) | ||||
| Over $100,000 | 1.99 | (1.25,3.16) | 1.86 | (1.16,2.99) | 1.84 | (1.34,2.52) | 1.78 | (1.30,2.42) | ||||
| Race (ref: white) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Black | 0.62 | (0.48,0.80) | 0.77 | (0.57,1.05) | 0.82 | (0.63,1.05) | 1.00 | (0.75,1.33) | ||||
| Asian | 0.33 | (0.15,0.70) | 0.34 | (0.16,0.75) | 0.60 | (0.33,1.10) | 0.64 | (0.34,1.21) | ||||
| Latin | 1.04 | (0.72,1.49) | 1.12 | (0.77,1.61) | 1.21 | (0.83,1.77) | 1.31 | (0.88,1.96) | ||||
| Other | 0.60 | (0.34,1.05) | 0.67 | (0.36,1.23) | 0.75 | (0.47,1.18) | 0.83 | (0.50,1.38) | ||||
| Education (ref: uneducated) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| High School | 1.07 | (0.69,1.68) | 1.07 | (0.67,1.63) | 1.27 | (0.93,1.72) | 1.29 | (0.94,1.78) | ||||
| Some College | 1.01 | (0.66,1.54) | 0.98 | (0.65,1.49) | 1.26 | (0.94,1.70) | 1.25 | (0.94,1.68) | ||||
| Bachelor's degree | 1.20 | (0.79,1.83) | 1.20 | (0.79,1.82) | 1.29 | (0.82,2.03) | 1.32 | (0.83,2.08) | ||||
| Graduate degree | 1.18 | (0.73,1.90) | 1.17 | (0.73,1.89) | 1.00 | (0.70,1.42) | 1.02 | (0.72,1.46) | ||||
| Nativity (ref: foreign-born) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| US Born | 1.55 | (1.20,2.00) | 1.56 | (1.21,2.01) | 1.24 | (0.92,1.67) | 1.23 | (0.91,1.67) | ||||
| Number of Adults in Household (ref: single) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
| Two adults | 1.21 | (0.97,1.51) | 1.22 | (0.99,1.52) | 1.39 | (1.09,1.77) | 1.38 | (1.08,1.78) | ||||
| 3 or more | 1.24 | (0.91,1.68) | 1.28 | (0.95,1.72) | 1.49 | (1.13,1.96) | 1.49 | (1.15,1.95) | ||||