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. 2019 Dec 10;14(3):727–739. doi: 10.1038/s41396-019-0565-y

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Fluorescence image of DAPI-stained A. castellanii cells infected by M_C. vitis and its virophage. Viral particles are visible in the periphery of the viral factory (VF). The cell nucleus (N) remains visible but its fluorescence becomes undetectable due to the intense labelling of the VF DNA. b Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of Zamilon vitis particles observed by negative staining electron microscopy; c TEM of virophage particles stuck to the giant virus particle (negative staining); d ultrathin section TEM of a M_C. vitis viral factory observed in late infection of A. castellanii cells: virophage particles can be seen in holes in the VF (white arrowhead) as well as penetrating a maturing M_C. vitis particle (black arrowheads); e neo-synthesized Z. vitis virophage particles gathered in vacuoles (black star) are seen at the periphery of the infected cell suggesting that they are released by exocytosis. f TEM image of an isolated viral factory observed in an ultrathin section of a late infection of A. castellanii cells: virophages accumulate at one pole of the VF as well as in holes in the VF while immature and mature M_C. vitis particles are seen at the opposite pole of the VF (Supplementary movie).