Table 1.
Studies describing differentiation of adult‐tissue derived neural crest (NC) cells to Schwann cells (SC)
| Source | Culture conditions | NC markers expressed | SC markers | Functionality | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human epidermal neural crest cells isolated from hair follicles | Alpha‐modified MEM containing retinoic acid (RA) (35 ng/mL), SB431542 (10 μM), rhFGF2 (10 ng/mL), PDGF‐BB (5 ng/mL), forskolin (5 μM) and neuregulin‐1 (200 ng/mL) | SOX10, p75 | SOX10, KROX20, p75NTR, MBP and S100B | Coculture with primary dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons | Sakaue and Sieber‐Blum164 |
| Human‐derived hair follicle cells | MesenPRO medium containing neuregulin‐1 (20 ng/mL), transfection with miR‐21 agonist agomir‐21 | p75 | S100β, GFAP | Ni et al165 | |
| Human neonatal foreskin | EBM2 basal medium, FBS (2%), ciliary neurotrophic factor (100 ng/mL), NRG1 (100 ng/mL), FGF2 (4 ng/mL), ascorbic acid (200 mg/mL), Glutamax (0.5X), SB431542 (10 mM) | SOX10, FOXD3, PAX3/7, SNAI2, TFAP2A, MSX1/2, cMYC, and SOX9 | S100β, GFAP, MPZ, PLP1 | NC migration toward DRG in chicken embryo | Bajpai et al30 |
| Human‐derived dental pulp cells | αMEM supplemented with forskolin (5 μM), bFGF (10 ng/mL), PDGF (5 ng/mL), recombinant human neuregulin‐β1 (200 ng/mL) | CD271, SOX10, nestin | S100β | Al‐Zer et al166 | |
| Human bone marrow | DMEM/F12 supplemented with N2 supplement, CNTF (10 ng/mL), l bFGF (10 ng/m), dbcAMP (1 mM), neuregulin‐1β (20 ng/mL) | Nestin, Sox9, TWIST, SLUG, p75, SNAIL1, Brn3a, MSI1 | S100β, MBP, P0 | NC migration toward DRG in chicken embryo | Coste et al167 |
| Human skin mesenchymal stem cells | Alpha‐MEM containing FBS (10%), RA (35 ng/mL), forskolin (5 μM), rh‐FGF‐2 (10 ng/mL), rhPDGF‐AA (5 ng/mL) and neuregulin‐1β (200 ng/mL) | p75NTR, Sox10, Notch1, integrin‐4α, Ap2α and Pax6 | S100β, MBP | BDNF secretion by ELISA | Saulite et al.168 |
| Postnatal rat bone marrow | DMEM/F12 supplemented with FBS (5%), all‐trans‐retinoic acid (tRA) (35 ng/mL), forskolin (5 mM), βheregulin‐1 (HRG‐1b) (200 ng/mL), FGF2 (10 ng/mL), PDGF‐AA (10 ng/mL), and N2 (1%) | p75, nestin | S100β, GFAP, CNPase p75 | Coculture with primary dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons | Shi et al11 |
| Human skin–derived precursors | Neurobasal medium containing 1% FBS plus 1% N2 supplement, 4 μM forskolin, and 10 ng/mL heregulin β | Pax3, snail, slug and NGFR | S100β, p75 | — | Toma et al28 |
| Mice skin–derived precursors | — | Nestin | MBP, GFAP | Myelination of spinal cord in mice | Mozafari et al169 |
| Neonatal SKPs | — | — | — | Myelination of spinal cord in rats | Vasudeva et al170 |
| Rodent/human skin mesenchymal precursors | DMEM/F12 at 3:1, N2 supplement (2%), neuregulin‐1β (10 ng/mL), and forskolin (4 μM) | — | GFAP, S100β, P0, p75NTR, and NECL4 | Alignment of MBP expressing Schwann cells in vivo | Krause et al.163 |
| Rat SKPs | — | — | p75 | Sensory (thermal) recovery, axonal regeneration | Shakhbazau et al171 |
| Rat SKPs | DMEM/F12, Neuregulin (50 ng/mL), forskolin (5 μM), N2 supplement (1%) | — | p75, nestin, MBP | Integration and ensheathment of regenerating axons and myelination, behavioral recovery | Khuong et al172 |
| Mouse SKPs | Serum‐free DMEM/F12 supplemented with dibutyryl cyclic AMP (10 mM), bFGF (10 ng/mL), and neuregulin (20 ng/mL) | — | GFAP, S100β | — | Kanget al173 |
| Rat SKPs | DMEM/F12 media with forksolin (4 μM), neuregulin‐1 (10 ng/mL), N2 supplement (1%) | — | S100β, p75 | Secretion of bioactive neurotrophins, axonal regeneration | Walsh et al174 |
| Rat SKPs | DMEM/F‐12 (3:1) containing forskolin (5 μM), neuregulin‐1 (50 ng/mL), N2 supplement (1%) | — | S100β, p75, P0 | Axonal growth and myelination | Biernaskie et al175 |
Abbreviations: BDNF, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor; DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium; ELISA, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; MBP, myelin basic protein; NRG1, neuregulin‐1; SKP, skin‐derived precursor cell.