Table 4.

Gaps in knowledge and need for further research

Questions to address	Process
What proportion of the total health care budget can a country spend on ESKD care relative to the desired level of health status, available technology, and costs without enhancing inequity?	Health science evaluation
What is the economic and societal return of money invested in KRT care by way of promoting local manufacturing and creating jobs, skills, trade, and knowledge?	Societal and economic evaluation
What is the best way of comparing HD and PD in terms of their impact on equity of care provision and how can this be implemented?	Health technology assessment
What are the minimal essential requirements to safely implement a transplantation program in an equitable way in LMICs?	Scientific medical evaluation, systematic review, Delphi
Which models are in use for implementation of ESKD care in LMICs; what were the results; which factors (modifiable and nonmodifiable) determined success or failure and their impact on equity? (Consider governmental vs. external programs, public vs. private, prevention vs. curing, mixed models.)	Systematic review, epidemiology, health care sciences
Is there inequity in access to provided care and outcome based on sex?	Systematic review; epidemiology

ESKD, end-stage kidney disease; HD, hemodialysis; KRT, kidney replacement therapy; LMICs, low- and middle-income countries; PD, peritoneal dialysis.