Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants according to types of cooking fuel
|
Overall (n=171 677) |
Women (n=121 366) |
Men (n=50 311) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Persistent clean fuel users (n=75 785) | Previous solid fuel users (n=80 511) | Persistent solid fuel users (n=15 381) | Persistent clean fuel users (n=47 077) | Previous solid fuel users (n=62 957) | Persistent solid fuel users (n=11 332) | Persistent clean fuel users (n=28 708) | Previous solid fuel users (n=17 554) | Persistent solid fuel users (n=4049) | ||
| Age (years) | 49·2 (10·1) | 55·6 (9·9) | 57·1 (10·6) | 48·4 (9·6) | 55·6 (9·9) | 56·7 (10·8) | 50·4 (10·8) | 55·7 (9·8) | 58·2 (10·2) | |
| Education | ||||||||||
| Primary school or lower | 12 013 (16%) | 34 791 (43%) | 11 469 (75%) | 8333 (18%) | 29 234 (46%) | 8991 (79%) | 3680 (13%) | 5557 (32%) | 2478 (61%) | |
| Middle school | 25 725 (34%) | 26 160 (32%) | 2933 (19%) | 15 296 (32%) | 19 521 (31%) | 1774 (16%) | 10 429 (36%) | 6639 (38%) | 1159 (29%) | |
| High school or higher | 38 047 (50%) | 19 560 (24%) | 979 (6%) | 23 448 (50%) | 14 202 (23%) | 567 (5%) | 14 599 (51%) | 5358 (31%) | 412 (10%) | |
| Household income per year (¥)* | ||||||||||
| <20 000 | 28 582 (38%) | 37 624 (47%) | 10 573 (69%) | 17 984 (38%) | 30 492 (48%) | 8059 (71%) | 10 598 (37%) | 7132 (41%) | 2514 (62%) | |
| 20 000–34 999 | 26 791 (35%) | 24 934 (31%) | 3037 (20%) | 16 470 (35%) | 19 120 (30%) | 2141 (19%) | 10 321 (36%) | 5814 (33%) | 896 (22%) | |
| ≥35 000 | 20 412 (27%) | 17 953 (22%) | 1771 (12%) | 12 623 (27%) | 13 345 (21%) | 1132 (10%) | 7789 (27%) | 4608 (26%) | 639 (16%) | |
| Smoking category | ||||||||||
| Never-smoker | 50 966 (67%) | 62 321 (77%) | 11 623 (76%) | 45 430 (97%) | 59 614 (95%) | 11 061 (98%) | 5536 (19%) | 2707 (15%) | 562 (14%) | |
| Former smoker | 4214 (6%) | 3818 (5%) | 709 (5%) | 182 (<1%) | 720 (1%) | 41 (<1%) | 4032 (14%) | 3098 (18%) | 668 (16%) | |
| Current smoker | 20 605 (27%) | 14 372 (18%) | 3049 (20%) | 1465 (3%) | 2623 (4%) | 230 (2%) | 19 140 (67%) | 11 749 (67%) | 2819 (70%) | |
| Heating fuel use | ||||||||||
| No heating | 26 642 (35%) | 41 741 (52%) | 13 214 (86%) | 17 090 (36%) | 31 594 (50%) | 9794 (86%) | 9552 (33%) | 10 147 (58%) | 3420 (84%) | |
| Clean fuel | 35 901 (47%) | 30 549 (38%) | 721 (5%) | 21 711 (46%) | 24 446 (39%) | 485 (4%) | 14 190 (49%) | 6103 (35%) | 236 (6%) | |
| Solid fuel | 13 201 (17%) | 8184 (10%) | 1445 (9%) | 8252 (18%) | 6884 (11%) | 1052 (9%) | 4949 (17%) | 1300 (7%) | 393 (10%) | |
| Unspecified fuel | 41 (<1%) | 37 (<1%) | 1 (<1%) | 24 (<1%) | 33 (<1%) | 1 (<1%) | 17 (<1%) | 4 (<1%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Ever-drinker | 48 213 (64%) | 37 140 (46%) | 4257 (28%) | 23 061 (49%) | 22 118 (35%) | 1212 (11%) | 25 152 (88%) | 15 022 (86%) | 3045 (75%) | |
| Physical activity (MET-h per day)† | 19·0 (11·5) | 17·9 (12·4) | 20·7 (13·9) | 18·2 (10·9) | 17·1 (11·6) | 19·7 (12·5) | 20·2 (12·4) | 20·9 (14·6) | 23·5 (17·0) | |
| Body-mass index (kg/m2) | 24·4 (3·4) | 24·6 (3·4) | 22·9 (3·4) | 24·2 (3·4) | 24·6 (3·5) | 23·0 (3·5) | 24·7 (3·3) | 24·3 (3·2) | 22·8 (3·1) | |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 81·9 (9·9) | 81·9 (9·6) | 77·4 (9·5) | 79·2 (9·2) | 81·2 (9·5) | 77·0 (9·4) | 86·2 (9·4) | 84·3 (9·6) | 78·6 (9·6) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 126·3 (20·3) | 131·3 (21·4) | 132·0 (23·1) | 122·9 (20·1) | 130·5 (21·8) | 131·3 (23·7) | 131·8 (19·3) | 134·1 (19·8) | 133·9 (21·1) | |
| Hypertension | 21 386 (28%) | 31 267 (39%) | 5628 (37%) | 11 168 (24%) | 23 847 (38%) | 4004 (35%) | 10 218 (36%) | 7420 (42%) | 1624 (40%) | |
| Diabetes | 5232 (7%) | 7712 (10%) | 772 (5%) | 3014 (6%) | 6151 (10%) | 572 (5%) | 2218 (8%) | 1561 (9%) | 200 (5%) | |
| Poor self-reported health‡ | 5052 (7%) | 8578 (11%) | 1957 (13%) | 3230 (7%) | 7068 (11%) | 1502 (13%) | 1822 (6%) | 1510 (9%) | 455 (11%) | |
| Passive smoking | 42 234 (56%) | 43 628 (54%) | 8965 (58%) | 25 115 (53%) | 33 147 (53%) | 6414 (57%) | 17 119 (60%) | 10 481 (60%) | 2551 (63%) | |
| Cookstove ventilation | 70 411 (93%) | 71 887 (89%) | 10 592 (69%) | 43 753 (93%) | 56 303 (89%) | 7538 (67%) | 26 658 (93%) | 15 584 (89%) | 3054 (75%) | |
Data (continuous variables) are mean (SD) or (categorical variables) percentages.
*
At the exchange rate as of November, 2019, ¥100 is approximately equal to US$£15.
†
MET-h per day=metabolic equivalent of task h per day. 1 MET-h is defined as 1 kcal/kg per h.
‡
Participants were asked to rate their current general health status, with choices of excellent, good, fair, and poor.