Table 2.
Adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause and cardiopulmonary mortality by sex and type of cooking fuel
| N |
All-cause mortality |
Cardiovascular mortality |
Respiratory mortality |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deaths (n) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | Deaths (n) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | Deaths (n) | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | |||
| Total | ||||||||
| Persistent clean fuel users | 75 785 | 3608 | 1 (ref) | 1235 | 1 (ref) | 209 | 1 (ref) | |
| Previous solid fuel users | 80 511 | 5752 | 0·97 (0·93–1·01) | 2081 | 0·98 (0·91–1·05) | 415 | 1·08 (0·90–1·29) | |
| <5 years since cessation | 7728 | 579 | 1·07 (1·01–1·14) | 193 | 1·12 (0·92–1·39) | 40 | 1·19 (0·91–1·57) | |
| 5-10 years since cessation | 17 927 | 1184 | 1·03 (0·93–1·13) | 392 | 0·97 (0·86–1·09) | 80 | 1·11 (0·85–1·45) | |
| >10 years since cessation | 54 856 | 3989 | 0·94 (0·89–1·01) | 1496 | 0·98 (0·90–1·06) | 295 | 1·09 (0·90–1·32) | |
| Persistent solid fuel users | 15 381 | 1471 | 1·19 (1·10–1·28) | 503 | 1·24 (1·10–1·39) | 137 | 1·43 (1·10–1·85) | |
| Women | ||||||||
| Persistent clean fuel users | 47 077 | 1335 | 1 (ref) | 410 | 1 (ref) | 66 | 1 (ref) | |
| Previous solid fuel users | 62 957 | 3910 | 1·04 (0·97–1·11) | 1469 | 1·10 (0·98–1·23) | 250 | 0·98 (0·74–1·30) | |
| <5 years since cessation | 5867 | 362 | 1·10 (1·01–1·21) | 132 | 1·13 (0·92–1·40) | 21 | 1·17 (0·64–2·13) | |
| 5-10 years since cessation | 13 803 | 785 | 1·05 (0·93–1·18) | 267 | 1·08 (0·92–1·27) | 41 | 0·87 (0·58–1·30) | |
| >10 years since cessation | 43 287 | 2763 | 1·01 (0·94–1·08) | 1070 | 1·02 (0·88–1·22) | 188 | 0·98 (0·73–1·32) | |
| Persistent solid fuel users | 11 332 | 876 | 1·25 (1·14–1·38) | 322 | 1·38 (1·17–1·63) | 77 | 1·40 (0·96–2·04) | |
| Men | ||||||||
| Persistent clean fuel users | 28 708 | 2273 | 1 (ref) | 825 | 1 (ref) | 143 | 1 (ref) | |
| Previous solid fuel users | 17 554 | 1842 | 0·94 (0·88–1·00) | 612 | 0·91 (0·82–1·02) | 165 | 1·18 (0·94–1·49) | |
| <5 years since cessation | 1861 | 217 | 1·03 (0·89–1·19) | 61 | 1·08 (0·83–1·43) | 19 | 1·25 (0·63–2·54) | |
| 5-10 years since cessation | 4124 | 399 | 0·97 (0·87–1·08) | 125 | 0·88 (0·73–1·07) | 39 | 1·36 (0·83–2·23) | |
| >10 years since cessation | 11 569 | 1226 | 0·93 (0·86–1·00) | 426 | 0·90 (0·80–1·02) | 107 | 1·12 (0·87–1·46) | |
| Persistent solid fuel users | 4049 | 595 | 1·11 (1·00–1·22) | 181 | 1·16 (0·97–1·38) | 60 | 1·48 (1·06–2·05) | |
Hazard ratios were derived from Cox models stratified by age at risk, sex (when appropriate), and study area and adjusted for education level, household income, alcohol consumption, smoking status, passive smoking, physical activity, body-mass index, diet (consumption of fresh fruit, preserved vegetables, and meat), cookstove ventilation, and solid fuel use for heating.