Table 1.
Baseline characteristics stratified by gender
| Gender |
Total population (n = 4590) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Men (n = 2126) | Women (n = 2464) | ||
| Age (years) | 61.7 ± 7.1 | 60.6 ± 7.2 | 61.1 ± 7.2 |
| Ethnicity (% Whites) | 2050 (97.1) | 2397 (98.0) | 4447 (97.5) |
| Townsend deprivation index | −1.9 (2.8) | −1.9 (2.7) | −1.9 ± 2.7 |
| Smoking (%) | |||
| Never | 1201 (57.0) | 1576 (64.8) | 2777 (61.1) |
| Former | 794 (37.7) | 767 (31.5) | 1561 (34.4) |
| Current | 112 (5.3) | 90 (3.7) | 202 (4.4) |
| Alcohol | |||
| Never | 121 (5.7) | 170 (7.0) | 291 (6.4) |
| Special occasions | 148 (7.0) | 360 (14.8) | 508 (11.2) |
| 1–3x/month | 181 (8.6) | 341 (14.0) | 522 (11.4) |
| 1–2x/week | 539 (25.5) | 653 (26.8) | 1192 (26.2) |
| 3–4x/week | 635 (30.1) | 565 (23.2) | 1200 (26.4) |
| Daily | 489 (23.1) | 349 (14.3) | 838 (18.4) |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 135.8 ± 16.9 | 136.2 ± 21.5 | 136.0 ± 19.5 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 71.4 ± 10.0 | 66.9 ± 11.2 | 69.0 ± 10.9 |
| History of | |||
| Hypertension (%) | 581 (27.5) | 492 (20.2) | 1073 (23.6) |
| Diabetes (%) | 117 (5.5) | 78 (3.2) | 195 (4.3) |
| Angina (%) | 47 (2.2) | 32 (1.3) | 79 (1.7) |
| Myocardial infarction (%) | 65 (3.1) | 16 (0.7) | 81 (1.8) |
| Stroke (%) | 37 (1.8) | 18 (0.7) | 55 (1.2) |
| Body surface area (m²) | 2.0 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.9 ± 0.2 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.8 ± 3.5 | 26.0 ± 4.4 | 26.4 ± 4.0 |
| Overweight (%) | 1092 (51.4) | 864 (35.1) | 1956 (42.7) |
| Obese (%) | 358 (16.8) | 401 (16.3) | 759 (16.6) |
| Body fat percentage (%) | 24.1 ± 5.2 | 35.4 ± 6.5 | 30.2 ± 8.2 |
| Visceral adipose tissue (L) | 4.7 ± 2.2 | 2.5 ± 1.4 | 3.5 ± 2.1 |
| Subcutaneous adipose tissue (L) | 5.7 ± 2.3 | 7.8 ± 3.3 | 6.9 ± 3.1 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 54.6 ± 6.2 | 57.6 ± 5.4 | 56.2 ± 6.0 |
| LV end-diastolic volume (mL) | 157.7 ± 33.6 | 123.0 ± 24.8 | 139.1 ± 34.0 |
| LV end-systolic volume (mL) | 72.2 ± 21.2 | 52.4 ± 13.7 | 61.6 ± 20.1 |
| LV stroke volume (mL) | 85.4 ± 18.9 | 70.5 ± 14.8 | 77.4 ± 18.4 |
| LV cardiac output (L/min) | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 4.4 ± 1.0 | 4.7 ± 1.1 |
| LV cardiac index (L/min/m²) | 2.6 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 2.5 ± 0.5 |
| Augmentation index (%) | 19.3 ± 8.0 | 22.8 ± 8.8 | 21.2 ± 8.6 |
Data are shown as n (%) or mean ± SD. Overweight = 25–29.9 kg/m2, Obese >30 kg/m2.
LV, left ventricular.