Fig. 3.

iE-DAP–induced EndMT is regulated by miR-139-5p. (A) Mature miR-139-5p expression in response to iE-DAP treatment (20 μg/mL) for 2, 4, and 6 d. (B) Mature miR-139-5p expression in response to Rg3 treatment (10 μg/mL) for 2 d. (C) Mature miR-139-5p expression in response to iE-DAP (20 μg/mL) with or without concurrent treatment with Rg3 (10 μg/mL) for 2, 4, and 6 d. (D) Protein expression. (E) Immunostaining images of fibronectin (FN) and N-cadherin (N-Cad) in response to iE-DAP treatment (20 μg/mL) with or without miR-139-5p overexpression (12 nM) for 2 d. Scale bar = 50 μm. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 compared with the controls, as determined by the unpaired two-tailed Student t test. Error bars, s.e.m. N = 3 experiments per condition.

EndMT, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition; iE-DAP, γ-d-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid; Rg3, ginsenoside Rg3; s.e.m., standard error of the mean.