Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by site (men aged 44–56 years, 2008–2013).
| Pittsburgh (n = 265) | Kusatsu (n = 245) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 49.8 ± 2.9 | 51.2 ± 2.8 | <0.0001 |
| Education (year) | 16.8 ± 2.8 | 14.3 ± 2.1 | <0.0001 |
| Smoking status | <0.0001 | ||
| Never | 194 (73) | 46 (19) | |
| Past | 49 (18) | 103 (42) | |
| Current | 22 (8) | 96 (39) | |
| Alcohol (≥2 times/week) | 116 (44) | 164 (67) | <0.0001 |
| Comorbidity | |||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 101.8 ± 13.1 | 85.7 ± 8.7 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.2 ± 4.9 | 23.8 ± 3.2 | <0.0001 |
| Obesitya | 85 (32) | 75 (31) | 0.70 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)b | 126.2 ± 13.3 | 126.9 ± 16.0 | 0.59 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)b | 76.5 ± 8.8 | 80.5 ± 11.5 | <0.0001 |
| Antihypertensive mediations | 51 (19) | 39 (16) | 0.34 |
| Hypoglycemic medications | 12 (5) | 12 (5) | 0.84 |
| Lipid-lowering medications | 54 (21) | 17 (7) | <0.0001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL)b | 217.9 ± 38.0 | 211.4 ± 33.9 | 0.06 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)b | 50.0 ± 12.3 | 56.5 ± 16.7 | <0.0001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)b | 137.9 ± 33.6 | 126.6 ± 32.4 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL)b | 148.9 ± 85.0 | 144.9 ± 110.1 | 0.34 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL)b | 107.0 ± 16.1 | 101.8 ± 11.3 | <0.0001 |
| Metabolic syndromec | 102 (38) | 63 (26) | 0.002 |
| High waist circumferenced | 114 (43) | 68 (28) | <0.001 |
| High blood pressuree | 103 (39) | 108 (44) | 0.23 |
| High glucosef | 193 (73) | 134 (55) | <0.0001 |
| High triglyceridesg | 101 (38) | 89 (36) | 0.68 |
| Low HDL cholesterolh | 57 (22) | 21 (9) | <0.0001 |
Notes: The bolding was used to highlight metabolic syndrome, which is the primary outcome of interest. Data are mean ± SD or n (%).
a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 in American men and BMI ≥25 kg/m2 in Japanese men; b Analyzed among those without medication use; c ≥3 of 5 components; d ≥102 cm in American men and ≥90 cm in Japanese men; e Systolic blood pressure ≥130 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mmHg or on medication; f Fasting glucose ≥100 mg/dL or on medication; g Triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL or on medication; h HDL cholesterol <40 mg/dL or on medication.
Abbreviations: BMI = body mass index; HDL = high density lipoprotein; LDL = low density lipoprotein.