Figure 2.

Effect of forces in guiding translation in cells in a monolayer. (a) Different types of cells inside a colony, translating, rotating, and dividing cells. (b) Graph shows the distribution of angular difference between the pole of traction force and the displacement of the cells with (b) cellular velocity and (c) angular velocity, for translating, rotating, and dividing cells. (d) Cellular translation in Single cell and translating cells in a cellular colony. The image on the extreme left shows the phase-field images of the cells; the middle image corresponds to the traction force (light gray arrows), matrix eigenvectors of traction field depicting the poles (white arrows), and the displacement of the nucleus between two time frames, 5 min apart (dark gray arrow); and the image on the extreme right corresponds to the trajectory of the cells over a period of 135 min. (e) Graph depicts the probability of the angle between the pole of the force and the cellular translation (left) and the probability of the angle between cell translation and the direction of intercellular force (right). (f) Box and whisker plot of the total cell-ECM force exerted by translating, rotating, and dividing cells. (g) Average traction stress (total traction force divided by total cell area) exerted by translating, rotating, and dividing cells shown by a box and whisker plot. (h) Error plot shows the angular difference between the pole of traction field and the cellular translation, plotted against the cellular velocity (left) and, (i) angular velocity (right). Data represent the mean ± error. The p-values were calculated using the Student’s paired sample t-test. ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.001. Number of cells ≥10, and the number of experiments = 4 for each condition.