Figure 3.

Intercellular torque change regulates cell angular velocity and has a more significant effect on rotating cells. (a) The concept of torque and the calculation of nuclear rotation. Here, forces are intercellular forces, and the distance is calculated between the nuclear centroid and the point of action of the force. (b) Plot shows the distribution of intercellular torque in a cellular colony. (c) Box and whisker plot shows the intercellular force acting on translating, rotating, and dividing cells. (d) Intercellular stress acting on translating, rotating, and dividing cells, signifying the force per unit interface length, as depicted by a box and whisker plot. (e) Box and whisker plot shows the distribution of intercellular torque acting on translating, rotating, and dividing cells. (f) Scatter plot shows the normalized change in nuclear angle versus the normalized change in intercellular torque in translating, rotating, and dividing cells. (g) Representative curves of normalized change in nuclear orientation and the normalized change in nuclear torque over a period of 45 min in translating, rotating, and dividing cells, and measurements were taken every 5 min. Data represent the mean ± error. The p-values were calculated using the Student’s paired sample t-test. ^∗p < 0.05, ^∗∗p < 0.001. Number of cells ≥10, and the number of experiments = 4 for each condition.