Table 1.
Number of samples analyzed, number and percentage of AAF in individual and team sports between 2003 and 2015 (mean ± SD).
| Sport | Sample (n) | AAF (n) | AAF (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Individual sports | |||
| Cycling | 18,371 ± 4018 | 572 ± 128$ | 3.3 ± 1.0 |
| Weightlifting | 7440 ± 1491$ | 227 ± 75 | 3.0 ± 0.6 |
| Boxing | 3303 ± 892* | 92 ± 21 | 2.9 ± 0.6 |
| Triathlon | 3069 ± 921* | 61 ± 25 | 2.1 ± 0.8⁎†‡ |
| Wrestling | 4136 ± 1032⁎ | 78 ± 33 | 1.8 ± 0.5⁎†‡ |
| Athletics | 24,132 ± 3516$ | 379 ± 96 | 1.6 ± 0.3⁎†‡ |
| Judo | 3820 ± 752⁎ | 54 ± 27 | 1.4 ± 0.6⁎†‡ |
| Skiing | 4801 ± 989⁎ | 65 ± 23 | 1.4 ± 0.5⁎†‡ |
| Taekwondo | 1579 ± 332⁎‡ | 21 ± 7 | 1.3 ± 0.5⁎†‡ |
| Tennis | 3345 ± 686⁎ | 40 ± 13 | 1.3 ± 0.6⁎†‡ |
| Canoe/kayaking | 3559 ± 717⁎ | 45 ± 18 | 1.3 ± 0.5⁎†‡ |
| Fencing | 1836 ± 187⁎ | 22 ± 11 | 1.2 ± 0.5⁎†‡ |
| Aquatics | 12,010 ± 1539$ | 131 ± 44 | 1.1 ± 0.3⁎†‡ |
| Rowing | 4082 ± 865⁎ | 44 ± 19 | 1.1 ± 0.4⁎†‡ |
| Shooting | 2427 ± 469⁎ | 26 ± 26 | 1.1 ± 0.4⁎†‡ |
| Gymnastics | 2224 ± 316⁎ | 23 ± 10 | 1.0 ± 0.4⁎†‡ |
| Skating | 3496 ± 702⁎ | 32 ± 18 | 0.9 ± 0.5⁎†‡ |
| Team sports | |||
| Ice Hockey | 4004 ± 1187 | 89 ± 34 | 2.2 ± 0.5 |
| Rugby | 5555 ± 1646 | 115 ± 53 | 2.0 ± 0.5 |
| Basketball | 6951 ± 2457& | 147 ± 87 | 2.0 ± 0.5 |
| Handball | 3255 ± 720# | 53 ± 16 | 1.6 ± 0.5 |
| Field hockey | 1723 ± 383§# | 25 ± 14 | 1.4 ± 0.6&§ |
| Volleyball | 4194 ± 948# | 55 ± 20 | 1.3 ± 0.4&§# |
| Football | 28,039 ± 4143$ | 352 ± 121 | 1.2 ± 0.3&§# |
Abbreviation: AAF = adverse and atypical finding.
⁎
Different from cycling, p < 0.01.
†
Different from weightlifting, p < 0.01.
‡
Different from boxing, p < 0.01.
#
Different from basketball, p < 0.05.
&
Different from ice hockey, p < 0.05.
§
Different from rugby, p < 0.05.
$
Different from all the remaining sports within the same category, p < 0.01.