Table 3.
Adjusted prevalence ratio model for social determinants of health in overweight or obesity, overweight only and obesity only among U.S. children aged 10-17 years
| Characteristics | Overweight or obese adjusted PR | p-value | Overweight only adjusted PR | p-value | Obese only | Adjusted PR P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | Reference | |||||
| Female | 0.88 (0.78-0.99) | 0.15 | 1.10 (0.94-1.27) | 0.23 | 0.74 (0.63-0.87) | <0.0001 |
| Age | ||||||
| 16-17 years | Reference | |||||
| 10-12 years | 1.34 (1.16-1.56) | <0.0001 | 1.45 (1.20-1.74) | <0.0001 | 1.12 (0.92-1.36) | 0.26 |
| 13-15 years | 1.12 (0.96-1.29) | <0.0001 | 1.35 (1.11-1.64) | <0.0001 | 0.89 (0.73-1.08) | 0.25 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| NH-White | Reference | |||||
| NH-Black | 1.41 (1.01-1.98) | 0.03 | 1.12 (0.72-1.74) | 0.61 | 1.53 (1.01-2.31) | 0.04 |
| Hispanic | 1.52 (1.25-1.85) | 0.04 | 1.29 (1.00-1.65) | 0.05 | 1.50 (1.18-1.90) | <0.0001 |
| Multiracial/NH-other | 1.11 (0.92-1.34) | <0.0001 | 1.29 (1.03-1.62) | 0.03 | 0.89 (0.69-1.14) | 0.34 |
| Socioeconomic characteristics | ||||||
| Parents’ nativity | ||||||
| Parent (s) born in US | Reference | |||||
| Any parent born outside US | 0.90 (0.74-1.09) | 0.27 | 1.02 (0.81-1.29) | 0.88 | 0.83 (0.63-1.08) | 0.17 |
| Other (child born in U.S, parents are not listed) | 1.08 (0.71-1.65) | 0.29 | 0.80 (0.46-1.41) | 0.45 | 1.43 (0.87-2.36) | 0.16 |
| Primary household language (PHHL) | ||||||
| Hispanic children, non-English PHHL | Reference | |||||
| Hispanic children, English PHHL | 1.09 (0.75-1.57) | 0.72 | 1.32 (0.82-2.11) | 0.25 | 0.88 (0.56-1.37) | 0.57 |
| Non-Hispanic child | 0.56 (0.51-0.63) | 0.45 | 0.88 (0.61-1.26) | 0.49 | 0.53 (0.38-0.74) | <0.0001 |
| Family structure | ||||||
| Two parents currently married | Reference | |||||
| Two parents not currently married | 1.05 (0.80-1.37) | 0.74 | 1.06 (0.76-1.48) | 0.73 | 1.02 (0.74-1.40) | 0.92 |
| Single parent (mother or father) | 1.32 (1.12-1.55) | <0.0001 | 1.26 (1.03-1.54) | 0.03 | 1.22 (0.99-1.50) | 0.06 |
| Other family type, no parent | 1.11 (0.81-1.52) | 0.52 | 1.45 (0.93-2.25) | 0.1 | 0.78 (0.54-1.13) | 0.19 |
| Poverty level | ||||||
| 0-99% FPL | Reference | |||||
| 100%-199% FPL | 1.06 (0.85-1.31) | 0.62 | 1.09 (0.84-1.41) | 0.52 | 1.01 (0.78-1.31) | 0.93 |
| 200%-399% FPL | 1.22 (0.97-1.53) | 0.09 | 1.20 (0.88-1.64) | 0.25 | 1.15 (0.86-1.55) | 0.34 |
| 400% FPL or above | 1.02 (0.81-1.27) | 0.89 | 1.15 (0.86-1.55) | 0.34 | 0.85 (0.64-1.13) | 0.27 |
| Highest education of household adult | ||||||
| Less than high school | Reference | |||||
| High school degree or GED | 0.98 (0.71-1.36) | 0.91 | 0.99 (0.63-1.54) | 0.96 | 0.99 (0.69-1.43) | 0.97 |
| Some college or technical school | 0.86 (0.62-1.19) | 0.36 | 0.95 (0.61-1.48) | 0.81 | 0.86 (0.60-1.23) | 0.40 |
| College degree or higher | 0.57 (0.42-0.79) | <0.0001 | 0.77 (0.50-1.20) | 0.25 | 0.52 (0.37-0.75) | <0.0001 |
| Insurance type | ||||||
| Public only (government assistance) | Reference | |||||
| Private only | 0.71 (0.59-0.87) | <0.0001 | 0.91 (0.72-1.17) | 0.47 | 0.65 (0.50-0.84) | <0.0001 |
| Public and private insurance | 0.95 (0.68-1.33) | 0.75 | 0.59 (0.41-0.85) | <0.0001 | 1.31 (0.87-1.98) | 0.20 |
| Currently uninsured | 0.78 (0.57-1.08) | 0.14 | 1.02 (0.68-1.55) | 0.91 | 0.68 (0.46-1.01) | 0.06 |
| Behavioral characteristic | ||||||
| Parents’ coping with day to day demands of raising children | ||||||
| Very well | Reference | |||||
| Somewhat well | 0.96 (0.85-1.08) | 0.48 | 1.07 (0.91-1.26) | 0.4 | 0.87 (0.75-1.02) | 0.08 |
| Not very well or not very well at all | 0.85 (0.56-1.27) | 0.42 | 0.98 (0.63-1.52) | 0.92 | 0.79 (0.49-1.26) | 0.32 |
| Environmental characteristic | ||||||
| Neighborhood amenities* | ||||||
| Neighborhood contains all 4 amenities | Reference | |||||
| Neighborhood does not contain any amenities | 1.20 (1.00-1.45) | 0.05 | 1.32 (1.03-1.69) | 0.03 | 1.02 (0.80-1.28) | 0.89 |
| Neighborhood contains 1 amenity | 1.27 (1.02-1.58) | 0.03 | 1.22 (0.91-1.65) | 0.18 | 1.20 (0.90-1.59) | 0.21 |
| Neighborhood contains 2 amenities | 1.00 (0.84-1.19) | 0.97 | 1.06 (0.87-1.30) | 0.57 | 0.95 (0.75-1.21) | 0.69 |
| Neighborhood contains 3 amenities | 1.08 (0.92-1.26) | 0.36 | 1.12 (0.92-1.35) | 0.26 | 1.01 (0.81-1.25) | 0.94 |
Total of some variables not 100% because missing values were excluded.
*
Neighborhood amenities are 1) sidewalks or walking paths, 2) park or playground area, 3) recreation center, community center or Boys’/Girls’ Club, 4) library or bookmobile