Table 1. Tropical infections and novel biomarkers of acute kidney injury.

Infection	Kidney involvement	Novel biomarkers already investigated	Usefulness of the novel biomarkers
Dengue	AKI	NGAL, resistin	Higher among patients with dengue, evidence of inflammation.
Leishmaniasis	AKI, proteinuria, hematuria, leukocyturia, hydroelectrolytic disorders, defects in urinary concentration and acidification.	AQP2, NKCC2, NHE3	Detection of defects in tubular transport.
Leprosy	Proteinuria, Glomerulonephritis, AKI/CKD.	MCP-1	Association to AKI, multibacillary forms and oxidative stress.
Leptospirosis	AKI	NGAL, Syndecan-1, ICAM-1	AKI, Endothelial damage.
Malaria	AKI, Glomerulonephritis (mesangial proliferation, segmental and focal glomerulosclerosis)	NGAL, KIM-1, MMP-3, CHI3L1	Early detection of malaria-associated AKI; Association to mortality.
Schistosomiasis	Glomerulonephritis (membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, segmental and focal glomerulosclerosis)	MCP-1	Association to subclinical kidney disease, inflammation and albuminuria.

AQP2 = aquaporin 2; CHI3L1 = matrix metalloproteinase-3; NGAL = Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; NKCC2 = Na-K-Cl co-transporter; KIM-1 = kidney injury molecule-1; MCP-1 = monocyte chemotactic protein-1; NHE3 = Na/H co-transporter.