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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Feb 20.
Published in final edited form as: J Neurosurg. 2017 Apr 21;128(3):875–884. doi: 10.3171/2016.11.JNS16976

Figure 1.

Figure 1.

Ultrasound parameters and characterization. (a) The single element 1.14 MHz focused transducer has a narrow 1 × 1 mm focus in the lateral dimension (b) and a 5 mm focus in the axial direction, with a focal length of 5.6 cm. (c) Neuromodulation treatments were performed with a 43. 7% duty cycle over 40 seconds, with an ISA of 25–30 W/cm2 maintained across all three (1.14 MHz, 650 kHz, 220 kHz) ultrasound systems used.