Table 2.
Bivariable and multivariable GEE of factors associated with sex with men among men who inject drugs in Vancouver, Canada (n=1663)
| Unadjusted |
Adjusted |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
p - value |
Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
p - value |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age (one-year increase) |
0.95 (0.94 – 0.96) | <0.001 | 0.96 (0.95 – 0.98) | <0.001 |
| White race/ethnicity (yes vs. no) |
0.77 (0.56 – 1.07) | 0.117 | -- | -- |
| Completed high school (yes vs. no) |
1.13 (0.82 – 1.55) | 0.449 | -- | -- |
| Downtown Eastside residence (yes vs. no) |
0.93 (0.81 – 1.07) | 0.285 | -- | -- |
| In a relationship (yes vs. no) |
1.56 (1.31 – 1.85) | <0.001 | 1.49 (1.19 – 1.87) | 0.001 |
| Social-structural exposures | ||||
| Ever in foster care (yes vs. no) |
1.11 (0.78 – 1.57) | 0.576 | -- | -- |
| Childhood sexual abuse† (moderate-to-extreme vs. none-to-low) |
3.32 (2.38 – 4.64) | <0.001 | 2.65 (1.83 – 3.83) | <0.001 |
| Homeless or unstable housing (yes vs. no) |
1.09 (0.95 – 1.25) | 0.205 | -- | -- |
| Incarceration, past 6 mo. (yes vs. no) |
1.03 (0.88 – 1.21) | 0.712 | -- | -- |
| Physical violence, past 6 mo. (yes vs. no) |
1.21 (1.06 – 1.37) | 0.005 | -- | -- |
| Sexual violence, past 6 mo. (yes vs. no) |
3.78 (1.04 – 13.69) | 0.043 | * | * |
| Sex work, past 6 mo. (yes vs. no) |
4.51 (2.41 – 8.45) | <0.001 | 3.33 (1.80 – 6.17) | <0.001 |
| Drug use and sexual behaviors‡ | ||||
| Heroin use (yes vs. no) |
1.05 (0.92 – 1.20) | 0.484 | -- | -- |
| Prescription opioid use (yes vs. no) |
0.95 (0.81 – 1.11) | 0.541 | -- | -- |
| Cocaine use (yes vs. no) |
1.08 (0.94 – 1.26) | 0.276 | -- | -- |
| Crack cocaine use (yes vs. no) |
1.32 (1.13 – 1.54) | <0.001 | -- | -- |
| Crystal methamphetamine use (yes vs. no) |
1.85 (1.58 – 2.18) | <0.001 | 1.30 (1.05 – 1.62) | 0.018 |
| Lent syringes (yes vs. no) |
1.39 (1.01 – 1.92) | 0.043 | -- | -- |
| Borrowed syringes (yes vs. no) |
1.82 (1.45 – 2.30) | <0.001 | 1.39 (1.05 – 1.84) | 0.023 |
| Inconsistent condom use (yes vs. no) |
1.90 (1.60 – 2.26) | <0.001 | 1.76 (1.36 – 2.27) | <0.001 |
| Health status and access to care | ||||
| HIV-positive (yes vs. no) |
1.88 (1.38 – 2.57) | <0.001 | 3.82 (2.43 – 6.01) | <0.001 |
| Hepatitis C-positive (yes vs. no) |
0.35 (0.26 – 0.48) | <0.001 | 0.43 (0.29 – 0.64) | <0.001 |
| Used supervised injection facility, past 6 mo. (yes vs. no) |
0.95 (0.84 – 1.07) | 0.395 | -- | -- |
| Addiction treatment ever (yes vs. no) |
0.69 (0.55 – 0.86) | 0.001 | -- | -- |
| Treatment, past 6 mo. (yes vs. no) |
0.89 (0.78 – 1.00) | 0.054 | 0.83 (0.69 – 0.99) | 0.038 |
| Unable to access treatment, past 6 mo. (yes vs. no) |
1.25 (1.01 – 1.55) | 0.038 | -- | -- |
*
Not included in multivariable analyses due to small counts