Marder 1994.

Methods	Allocation: randomised (in blocks of 12). Blindness: double (no further description). Duration: 8 weeks (preceeded by one week placebowashout). Consent: written. Setting: hospital
Participants	Diagnosis: schizophrenia (DSM‐III‐R). N=388. Age: 18‐65 years, mean ˜ 37 years.. Sex: 340M, 48F. History: duration of illness, mean 15.7 years; duration of current hospitalisation, mean 29 weeks; number of previous hospitalisations, mean 9.1, range 0‐61. Setting: hosptial. Exclusions: PANSS score < 60, people with schizoaffective disorder
Interventions	1. Risperidone: 2mg/day. N=63. 2. Risperidone: 6mg/day. N=64. 3. Risperidone: 10mg/day. N=65. 4. Risperidone: 16mg/day. N=64. 5. Haloperidol: 20mg/day. N=66. 6. Placebo: N=66. Medication titrated to fixed maintainance dose during week 1. Chloral hydrate, lorazepam, EPS medication as required.
Outcomes	Clinical improvement: 20% reduction in total PANSS. Time to clinical improvement.* Global effect: CGI improved/not improved, CGI score. Mental state: BPRS, PANSS. Adverse effects: ESRS, various observed effects. Leaving the study early. Unable to use ‐ Physiological monitoring: ECG, lab tests (no data). Adverse effects: UKU (used modified version of this scale).
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Allocation concealment?	Unclear risk	B ‐ Unclear