Inkovaara 1983.

Study characteristics
Methods	Quasi‐randomised by date of birth Double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial, blinding of outcome assessors not described 121 of 175 completed in the 4 groups examined in this review
Participants	Community‐based study, Finland 143 women and 32 men living in a municipal home for the aged. Mean age 79.5 years SD 7.1 Exclusions: functional disorders of kidneys (serum creatinine > 150 μmol/L) or liver (AAT > 40 IU/L or APT > 280 IU/L, hypercalcaemia (serum Ca 2.80 mmol/L) or kidney stones
Interventions	1. Calcium plus vitamin D3 daily with placebo Randomised 46 completed 30 2. Vitamin D3 1000 IU daily with double placebo Randomised 45 completed 32 3. Elemental calcium 1.2 g daily, with double placebo Randomised 42 completed 31 4. Placebo Randomised 42 completed 28 4 additional groups had methanedione alone or in combination: these groups are not analysed in this review Duration of treatment 9 months
Outcomes	Measured at 1 year 1. Fractures of vertebrae or wrist (assessed in a sample N = 10 in each group) 2. Hypercalcaemia 3. Number of persons dying 4. Body weight 5. Serum biochemistry: calcium, phosphate, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase
Notes	Unclear whether the data represent fractures or participants with fractures. Data have not been included in the appropriate meta‐analyses
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	High risk	States "Patients were divided into 8 groups according to year and month of birth"
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	States "A double‐blind trial technique was used. The code was known only to the drug manufacturer"