Ushiroyama 2001.

Study characteristics
Methods	Random allocation, no further details No mention of blinding of outcome assessors No details of completion rate
Participants	Hospital outpatient‐based study, Japan 102 patients (all women), age range 53 to 58 years, with osteoporosis/osteopenia Inclusion criteria: 6 months or more since last menses, status confirmed by oestradiol and gonadotrophin measurements Disease exclusions: renal failure, metabolic bone disease, urolithiasis Drug exclusions: hormonal contraception or postmenopausal oestrogen
Interventions	1. 1‐alphahydroxyvitamin D3 0.5 μg orally twice daily. Randomised 50, number completed unclear 2. No intervention Randomised 52, number completed unclear 3. Calcitonin 10 IU twice a month (group not used in this review) 4. Calcitonin and 1‐alphahydroxyvitamin D3 (group not used in this review) Duration of treatment 2 years
Outcomes	Measured at 1 year 1. Number of persons sustaining new non‐vertebral fracture 2. Number of persons with hypercalcaemia 3. Vertebral BMD 4. PTH, markers of bone formation and resorption
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)	Unclear risk	States "randomly assigned", no other information provided
Allocation concealment (selection bias)	Unclear risk	States "randomly assigned", no other information provided