Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of participants (n 16 479) in the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study by frequency and type of fish consumption
| Fried fish consumption | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | <1 serving/month (n 7849) | 1–3 servings/month (n 6464) | 1–1·99 servings/week (n 1576) | ≥2 servings/week (n 590) | P value |
| Age group (%) | 0·07 | ||||
| 40–54 years | 13·3 | 14·4 | 11·7 | 14·9 | |
| 55–64 years | 41·4 | 41·4 | 41·7 | 43·6 | |
| 65–74 years | 31·3 | 31·3 | 32·9 | 30·0 | |
| ≥75 years | 14·0 | 12·9 | 13·7 | 11·5 | |
| Race (%) | <0·0001 | ||||
| Black | 21·0 | 40·8 | 59·1 | 73·7 | |
| White | 79·0 | 59·2 | 40·9 | 26·3 | |
| Sex (%) | <0·0001 | ||||
| Male | 37·6 | 43·4 | 44·3 | 41·7 | |
| Female | 62·4 | 56·6 | 55·7 | 58·3 | |
| Region (%) | <0·0001 | ||||
| Stroke belt or buckle | 53·3 | 59·0 | 60·6 | 58·6 | |
| Non-belt or buckle | 46·7 | 41·0 | 39·4 | 41·4 | |
| Education (%) | |||||
| Less than high school | 6·2 | 9·4 | 12·0 | 15·6 | <0·0001 |
| High-school graduate | 22·6 | 26·3 | 28·2 | 30·5 | |
| Some college | 26·8 | 28·0 | 29·2 | 28·1 | |
| College + | 44·5 | 36·3 | 30·7 | 25·8 | |
| Annual income (%) | |||||
| <$US 20 000 | 12·4 | 14·8 | 18·4 | 23·1 | <0·0001 |
| $US 20 000–34 999 | 21·3 | 24·0 | 26·8 | 27·6 | |
| $US 35 000–74 999 | 32·6 | 32·7 | 31·3 | 26·3 | |
| ≥$US 75 000 | 21·5 | 17·3 | 12·6 | 10·5 | |
| Refused | 12·2 | 11·3 | 10·9 | 12·5 | |
| Exercise (%) | 0·17 | ||||
| 0 times/week | 31·0 | 31·5 | 32·5 | 29·2 | |
| 1–3 times/week | 38·0 | 38·8 | 36·5 | 36·4 | |
| ≥4 times/week | 31·0 | 29·7 | 31·0 | 34·5 | |
| Current smoker (%) | 12·0 | 14·5 | 14·1 | 14·1 | 0·0001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 13·2 | 17·6 | 21·8 | 23·9 | <0·0001 |
| Regular aspirin use (%) | 38·1 | 36·9 | 34·9 | 35·9 | 0·07 |
| Dyslipidaemia (%) | 54·0 | 56·3 | 54·9 | 53·2 | 0·04 |
| Hypertensive medication (%) | 42·8 | 48·6 | 53·4 | 57·1 | <0·0001 |
| Total energy intake (kJ/d), mean | 6623 | 7360 | 8247 | 9858 | <0·0001 |
| sd | 2632 | 3025 | 3234 | 3874 | |
| Total energy intake (kcal/d), mean | 1583 | 1759 | 1971 | 2356 | <0·0001 |
| sd | 629 | 723 | 773 | 926 | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean | 28·3 | 29·5 | 29·9 | 30·9 | <0·0001 |
| sd | 5·8 | 6·3 | 6·3 | 6·6 | |
| Mediterranean diet score, mean | 4·3 | 4·3 | 4·6 | 4·7 | <0·0001 |
| sd | 1·7 | 1·7 | 1·6 | 1·4 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean | 124·7 | 126·6 | 128·5 | 130·5 | <0·0001 |
| sd | 15·6 | 16·0 | 16·1 | 17·7 | |
| Non-fried fish consumption | |||||
| <1 serving/month (n 3541) | 1–3 servings/month (n 8687) | 1–1·99 servings/week (n 2522) | ≥2 servings/week (n 1729) | P value† | |
| Age group (%) | 0·0002 | ||||
| 40–54 years | 13·5 | 14·0 | 12·6 | 13·7 | |
| 55–64 years | 38·4 | 42·1 | 43·1 | 42·3 | |
| 65–74 years | 32·7 | 30·8 | 30·9 | 32·4 | |
| ≥75 years | 15·3 | 13·0 | 13·4 | 11·7 | |
| Race (%) | |||||
| Black | 38·2 | 33·5 | 28·7 | 38·3 | <0·0001 |
| White | 61·8 | 66·5 | 71·3 | 61·7 | |
| Sex (%) | 0·001 | ||||
| Male | 41·0 | 41·4 | 40·8 | 36·3 | |
| Female | 59·0 | 58·6 | 59·2 | 63·7 | |
| Region (%) | <0·0001 | ||||
| Stroke belt or buckle | 60·3 | 57·1 | 52·4 | 51·0 | |
| Non-belt or buckle | 39·7 | 42·9 | 47·6 | 49·0 | |
| Non-fried fish consumption | |||||
| <1 serving/month (n 3541) | 1–3 servings/month (n 8687) | 1–1·99 servings/week (n 2522) | ≥2 servings/week (n 1729) | P value† | |
| Education (%) | |||||
| Less than high school | 13·3 | 7·6 | 5·8 | 5·4 | <0·0001 |
| High-school graduate | 32·7 | 24·1 | 19·5 | 20·3 | |
| Some college | 27·0 | 28·5 | 26·7 | 25·7 | |
| College + | 27·2 | 39·8 | 48·1 | 48·6 | |
| Annual income (%) | |||||
| <$US 20 000 | 19·5 | 13·4 | 11·5 | 12·2 | <0·0001 |
| $US 20 000–34 999 | 26·8 | 22·9 | 20·8 | 19·8 | |
| $US 35 000–74 999 | 29·8 | 33·1 | 32·0 | 33·6 | |
| ≥$US 75 000 | 11·8 | 19·1 | 24·4 | 21·6 | |
| Refused | 12·1 | 11·5 | 11·3 | 12·8 | |
| Exercise (%) | |||||
| 0 times/week | 37·7 | 31·5 | 26·5 | 24·4 | <0·0001 |
| 1–3 times/week | 34·1 | 38·9 | 39·6 | 40·0 | |
| ≥4 times/week | 28·3 | 29·6 | 33·8 | 35·6 | |
| Current smoker (%) | 15·5 | 14·0 | 10·2 | 9·4 | <0·0001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 17·6 | 16·3 | 14·0 | 15·6 | 0·004 |
| Dyslipidaemia (%) | 56·3 | 55·2 | 53·8 | 52·4 | 0·04 |
| Regular aspirin use (%) | 34·9 | 37·4 | 39·4 | 38·1 | 0·004 |
| Hypertensive medication (%) | 49·0 | 46·5 | 43·7 | 46·4 | 0·001 |
| Total energy intake (kJ/d), mean | 6318 | 7088 | 7962 | 8309 | <0·0001 |
| sd | 2736 | 2891 | 7962 | 3301 | |
| Total energy intake (kcal/d), mean | 1510 | 1694 | 1903 | 1986 | <0·0001 |
| sd | 654 | 691 | 723 | 789 | |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean | 29·2 | 29·1 | 28·5 | 29·2 | 0·07 |
| sd | 6·3 | 6·1 | 5·9 | 6·2 | |
| Mediterranean diet score, mean | 3·7 | 4·3 | 5·0 | 5·3 | <0·0001 |
| sd | 1·5 | 1·7 | 1·6 | 1·6 | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean | 126·8 | 126·0 | 125·5 | 125·3 | 0·0002 |
| sd | 16·1 | 16·1 | 15·5 | 15·6 | |
†
χ 2 P values for test of proportions; ANOVA P values for test on mean differences.