Table 9. Characteristics of leg pain related to GMed.
| Report | Cases | References to GMedS |
| Robinson RL et al.137) | Female patients with PFPS (n=10) | Hip abd. and external rotation strength were significantly decreased compared with the contralateral side and with controls |
| Bolgla LA et al.138) | Female patients with PFPS (n=18) | PFPS group generated significantly less hip abd. torque |
| Willson JD et al.139) | Female patients with PFPS (n=20) | Hip abd. strength was significantly lower compared with controls |
| Franettovich M et al.140) | Female patients with exercise-related leg pain (n=14) | Individuals with a history of exercise-related leg pain demonstrated significantly lower EMG peak activation and lower average EMG activation of GMed |
| Costa RA et al.141) | Patients with symptomatic unilateral knee OA (n=25) | Hip abd. strength (peak torque) was significantly decreased compared with the contralateral side |
| Hinman RS et al.142) | Patients with symptomatic knee OA (n=89) | Hip abd. strength was significantly decreased compared with controls |
| Sled EA et al.143) | Patients with symptomatic medial knee OA (n=40) | Isokinetic hip abd. strength was significantly decreased in the knee OA group |
| Nakawaga TH et al.144) | Female patients with anterior knee pain (n=9) | No significant EMG activation of GMed was observed |
| Bolgla LA et al.145) | Female patients with PFPS (n=18) | PFPS group generated significantly less hip abd. torquePFPS group also generated greater GMed EMG activity during loading test |
| Nakawaga TH et al.146) | Patients with chronic PFPS (n=20) | Patients with PFPS generated less peak eccentric hip abd. torque; EMGamplitude of the GMed was significantly greater in female controls than in female patients with PFPS |
| Crossley KM et al.147) | Patients with symptomatic PFJ OA (n=60) | Individuals with PFJ OA ambulated with significantly lower peak hip abd. muscle forces than controls |
| Baert IA et al.148) | Female patients with knee OA (n=40) | Hip abd. strength was decreased compared with controls, but not significantly |
| Bley AS et al.149) | Female patients with PFPS | PFPS group generated significantly greater EMG activity of GMed and greater hip abd. moment than controls |
| Izumi M et al.150) | Hypertonic saline injection | GMed PPT was increased |
| Rutherford DJ et al.151) | Patients with moderate knee OA (n=54) | No clear relationship of hip abd. muscle strength with specific amplitude and temporal KAM characteristics was found |
| Motealleh A et al.152) | Athletes with PFPS (n=28) | Onset and amplitude of GMed EMG activity were earlier and higher in themanipulation group than in the control group |
| Tevald MA et al.153) | Patients with knee OA (n=35) | Hip abd. significantly contributed to physical performance |
| Sritharan P et al.154) | Patients with symptomatic OA (n=39) | Calculated GMed force was significantly decreased compared with controls |
| Orozco-Chaves I et al.155) | Female patients with PFP (n=24) | PFP group had significantly later onset of GMed EMG, and showed no adaptation to velocity variation |
| Kalytczak MM et al.156) | Female patients with PFP (n=14) | EMG values for the GMax and GMed were significantly higher in the eccentric phase than in the concentric phase |
| Mirzaie GH et al.158) | Male patients with PFP (n=18) | Significant differences were found in GMed activity in loading tasks |
| Fuentes-Márquez P et al.157) | Female patients with chronic pelvic pain (n=40) | MTrPs of GMed was present in 55–87.5% of patients with chronic pelvic pain |
| Kameda M et al.11) | Patients with leg pain or hip pain (n=66) | 45/66 (69.0%) cases had MPS |
| 20/29 (68.9%) cases had GMedS | ||
| Ackland DC et al.159) | Patients with patellofemoral joint OA (n=51) | Muscle volume was significantly decreased in the OA group |
GMax: gluteus maximus; GMedS: gluteus medius syndrome; GMed: gluteus medius; PFP: patellofemoral pain; PFPS: patellofemoral pain syndrome; OA: osteoarthritis; abd.: abductor; PPT: pressure pain threshold; MPS: myofascial pain syndrome; EMG: electromyography; MTrPs: muscle trigger points.