Table 10. Treatments of leg pain related to GMed.
| Report | Cases | Treatment | Outcomes |
| Bennell KL et al.160) | Patients with symptomatic knee OA (n=119) | Isometric contraction of gluteal muscles | No significant difference was found compared with placebo |
| Veenhof C et al.133) | Patients with hip or knee OA (n=101) | Behavioral graded activity program vs exercise therapy and advice | No significant difference was found between programs |
| Sled EA et al.143) | Patients with symptomatic medial knee OA (n=40) | 8-week home strengthening program for the hip abd. muscles | Strengthening program decreased pain (WOMAC) |
| Bennell KL et al.161) | Patients with symptomatic medial knee OA and pain (n=45) | Hip strengthening training for 13 weeks | Training significantly improved pain (WOMAC) and function (WOMAC) |
| Foroughi N et al.162) | Patients with knee OA (n=54) | Strengthening exercise with and without hip abd./hip adduction/knee extension | Strengthening exercise significantly improved pain (WOMAC) and difficulty (WOMAC); there were no significant differences between groups |
| Glaviano NR et al.163) | Female patients with chronic PFPS (n=15) | Patterned electrical neuromuscular stimulation (PENS) vs. sham | PENS group had significantly improved pain (VAS) in load testing, with improvement of hip abduction and significant improvement in GMed activation |
| Kameda M e al.11) | MPS patients with leg pain or hip pain (n=14) | ASTR or TPI | Combination treatment of ASTR or TPI significantly improved pain (NRS) |
| GMedS patients with leg pain or hip pain (n=9) | ASTR or TPI | Combination treatment of ASTR or TPI significantly improved pain (NRS) |
OA: osteoarthritis; PFPS: patellofemoral pain syndrome; abd.: abductor; WOMAC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index; VAS: visual analogue scale; NRS: numerical rating scale; ASTR: active soft tissue release; TPI: trigger point injection.