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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Immunol. 2020 Jan 17;204(5):1274–1286. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901127

Figure.8. Anthelmintic therapy significantly increases pro-inflammatory cytokine production in LTBI/Ss co-infection.

Figure.8.

Baseline and antigen-stimulated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were determined by ELISA using PBMC culture supernatants of Ss+ (light grey n =15) individuals before and after treatment with a standard dose of ivermectin and albendazole. The (A) baseline (unstimulated) as well as (B) PPD, (C) WCL and (D) P/I stimulated levels of cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12) were measured. Each line represents a single individual. Net cytokine levels were calculated by subtracting baseline cytokine levels from the antigen-induced cytokine levels for each individual. The p values were calculated using the Wilcoxon signed rank test.