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. 2020 Feb 21;5:10. doi: 10.1038/s41392-019-0103-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Immunohistochemistry analysis of the expression of IDO1, IDO2, and TDO in gliomas of different pathologic grades (WHO grades I–IV. Upper panel: IDO1. Middle panel: IDO2. Lower panel: TDO. IDO1, IDO2, and TDO-positive cells (arrows). Magnification, ×200; scale bar, 100 μm). b Plot of IDO1 expression in gliomas of different pathologic grades (WHO grades I–IV: grade I/II, n = 3; grade III, n = 5; grade IV, n = 9). c Plot of IDO2 expression in gliomas of different pathologic grades (WHO grades I–IV: grade I/II, n = 4; grade III, n = 8; grade IV, n = 15). d Plot of TDO expression in gliomas of different pathologic grades (WHO grades I–IV: grade I/II, n = 5; grade III, n = 11; grade IV, n = 25). e–g HPLC analysis of Trp and Kyn levels and the Kyn/Trp ratio in the serum of 16 patients with glioma (grade I/II, n = 5; grade III/IV, n = 11) and 18 non-glioma patients. (−), non-glioma patients. I/II, WHO grades I and II; III/IV, WHO grades III and IV. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s test; data are presented as the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001.