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. 2020 Feb 20;11:978. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-14739-6

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a The whole system was constructed based on a cell-mimicking giant membrane vesicle. Driven by adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the closed state DNA nanogatekeeper switches to the open state. Then, environmental ions diffuse through the opened channel, sequentially triggering a set of confined downstream cascade reactions, and an additional feedback pathway mediates the switching of nanogatekeeper back to the closed state. This process mimics the fundamental cellular signaling that contains reception, transduction, and response. b Schematic illustration of chol-o(open)-DNGK and chol-c(closed)-DNGK. A locker (cyan DNA strand) can plug the nanogatekeeper in the top region; similarly, a blocker (yellow DNA strand) can plug the nanogatekeeper in the bottom region, both locker and blocker can form a closed nanogatekeeper. c Modular design of AMSsys in giant membrane vesicles corresponding to a, consisting of membrane-spanning nanogatekeeper and the encapsulated signaling network, which is divided into the following modules: ion-mediated catalytic reaction, a DNA circuit signaling transduction, and a target degradation. The rolling circle amplification (RCA) in the end is used to detect the final product.