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. 2020 Feb 20;10:3026. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59602-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Inputs to the FE model. (a) Illustration of muscles in the FE model. Black spots on muscles were coupled to the femur’s reference point and red spots were free in space to apply force vectors. Springs were used for a better illustration of muscle line of actions and do not represent muscle fibers. (b) Knee flexion angle, (c) Muscle forces (magnitudes), and (d) Residual force passing through the knee joint, knee adduction and rotation moments (amplitudes).