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. 2020 Feb 20;10:3026. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-59602-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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JCF calculated by the EMG-assisted MS model and the FE model compared with JCFs from the sixth grand challenge dataset¹². The highlighted area (JCF variation) shows the maximum and minimum JCFs from all ligament sensitivity analysis simulations (ligament stiffnesses and pre-strains in Table 1). JCFs are given in the bodyweight of the subject over the stance phase.