Table 1.

Material parameters of ligaments used in the simulation (see Eq. 1).

Ligament Bundle	${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{l}}$ (kN)	${\mathbf{\varepsilon }}_{\mathbf{r}}$ (%)
		−10%	−5%	Reference	+5%	+10%
ACL	10	−2	3	8	13	18
PCL	18	−23.5	−18.5	−13.5	−8.5	−3.5
LCL	6	−17.3	−12.33	−7.33	−2.33	2.67
MCL	8.25	−6.34	−1.34	3.66	8.66	13.66

${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathrm{l}}$ is the linear stiffness and ${\mathrm{\varepsilon }}_{\mathrm{r}}$ is the ligament pre-strain for the fully extended knee joint⁸⁴.