Table 2.

Comparison between bone marrow derived (BM-MSCs) and adipose tissue derived stem cells (ASCs).

Type of cell	BM-MSCs	ASCs
Cell source	Bone marrow, usually from iliac, femur, tibia and sternum bones	Subcutaneous white adipose tissue from trunk and extremities
Harvesting technique	Bone marrow (trephine) biopsy and aspiration; serious complications such as pain, bleeding, infection and death exist but rare [117]	Direct excision during surgery, and Liposuction (e.g. Coleman technique); comparatively easier, safer, and considerably larger amounts of samples are accessible [[244], [245], [246], [247]]
Yield and expansion (per unit of tissue substrate)	100-1000 MSCs, Easier isolation and in vitro expansion (3–5 weeks), Chromosomal instability with more passaging (Senescence)	Approx. 5000 MSCs [98,[118], [119], [120]], Higher number of population doublings [305], Have a greater capacity of clonogenicity - more elevated rate of colony-forming unit fibroblast [19], Better chromosomal stability with more passaging [121]
Cytometric characteristics	Applicable to the minimum criteria, i.e. presence of CD105, CD73, CD90 (≥95% positivity) and absence of CD45, CD34, CD14 or CD11b, CD79a or CD19 (≤2%) and cannot express HLA-DR [93], Expresses CD106 (VCAM-1) molecule which identifies a subpopulation of mesenchymal stem cells with unique immunomodulatory properties [306]	Not completely applicable to the minimum phenotype requirements, Phenotypically defined by absence of CD45, CD235a, CD31, CD106 and presence of CD73, CD90, CD10, CD26, CD49d, CD49e and CD146 surface markers [59], Specifically, express key extinguishing marker of isolation, CD34 [19,129,306].
Secretome function	Higher concentration of VEGF	Greater pro-angiogenic capacities, Appreciable functional properties regarding inhibition of inflammatory and immune responses [42]