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Origin of circulating TPA in humans in the 1990s: contribution of ruminant fats and partially hydrogenated oils to intakes and circulating levels of TPA. Abbreviations. PHFO, partially hydrogenated fish oil; PHO, partially hydrogenated oil (includes PHFO and PHVO); PHVO, partially hydrogenated vegetable oil; TPA, trans-palmitoleic acid; TVA, trans-vaccenic acid.
